{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410087594","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc54725.2025.10976081","title":"ZT-RIC: A Zero Trust RIC Framework for Ensuring Data Privacy and Confidentiality in Open RAN","display_name":"ZT-RIC: A Zero Trust RIC Framework for Ensuring Data Privacy and Confidentiality in Open RAN","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410087594","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc54725.2025.10976081"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccnc54725.2025.10976081","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc54725.2025.10976081","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 22nd Consumer Communications &amp;amp; Networking Conference (CCNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101655052","display_name":"Dan Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3062-8240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diana Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia,VA,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia,VA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067246333","display_name":"Samarth Bhargav","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5204-8514"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188017875","display_name":"Thomas Jefferson School of Law","ror":"https://ror.org/0012pft53","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188017875"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samarth Bhargav","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology,VA,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology,VA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188017875"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093577542","display_name":"Azuka Chiejina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6605-4894"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azuka Chiejina","raw_affiliation_strings":["NextG Wireless Lab, North Carolina State University,NC,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NextG Wireless Lab, North Carolina State University,NC,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053163516","display_name":"Mohamed I. Ibrahem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8000-4161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25041050","display_name":"Augusta University","ror":"https://ror.org/012mef835","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25041050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed I. Ibrahem","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Augusta University,Augusta,GA,USA,30912"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Cyber Sciences, Augusta University,Augusta,GA,USA,30912","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25041050"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083496212","display_name":"Vijay K. Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4501-8170"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vijay K. Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["NextG Wireless Lab, North Carolina State University,NC,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NextG Wireless Lab, North Carolina State University,NC,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2674,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92018272,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9740999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9617000222206116,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidentiality","display_name":"Confidentiality","score":0.6932942867279053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ran","display_name":"Ran","score":0.6476547718048096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.5701698064804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5171029567718506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zero","display_name":"Zero (linguistics)","score":0.48962312936782837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zero-knowledge-proof","display_name":"Zero-knowledge proof","score":0.4875470995903015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.42977407574653625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.4266703426837921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.33191508054733276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.2224709391593933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.1753120720386505}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.6932942867279053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160704184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18031028","display_name":"Ran","level":2,"score":0.6476547718048096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.5701698064804077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5171029567718506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780813799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3274237","display_name":"Zero (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.48962312936782837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176329583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191943","display_name":"Zero-knowledge proof","level":3,"score":0.4875470995903015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.42977407574653625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.4266703426837921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.33191508054733276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.2224709391593933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.1753120720386505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccnc54725.2025.10976081","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc54725.2025.10976081","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 22nd Consumer Communications &amp;amp; Networking Conference (CCNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W209244779","https://openalex.org/W2972445886","https://openalex.org/W4285243919","https://openalex.org/W4287887122","https://openalex.org/W4389313029","https://openalex.org/W4389543696","https://openalex.org/W4391724816","https://openalex.org/W4392158247","https://openalex.org/W4398131512","https://openalex.org/W4403826461","https://openalex.org/W6796815506","https://openalex.org/W6843270763"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387497383","https://openalex.org/W3183948672","https://openalex.org/W3173606202","https://openalex.org/W3110381201","https://openalex.org/W2948807893","https://openalex.org/W2778153218","https://openalex.org/W2758277628","https://openalex.org/W1531601525","https://openalex.org/W4406460655","https://openalex.org/W2952570804"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,82,138],"advancement":[1],"of":[2,44,64,85,96,254,273],"5G":[3],"and":[4,22,42,69,89,135,172],"NextG":[5],"networks":[6],"through":[7,47],"Open":[8],"Radio":[9],"Access":[10],"Network":[11],"(O-RAN)":[12],"architecture":[13,31],"marks":[14],"a":[15,61,111,144,214,250,269],"transformative":[16],"shift":[17],"towards":[18],"more":[19],"virtualized,":[20],"modular,":[21],"disaggregated":[23],"configurations.":[24],"A":[25],"critical":[26],"component":[27],"within":[28,124,229],"this":[29,86,108],"O-RAN":[30,237],"is":[32,141],"the":[33,40,45,75,94,125,157,161,169,179,187,230],"RAN":[34,46,68,220],"Intelligent":[35],"Controller":[36],"(RIC),":[37],"which":[38,218],"facilitates":[39],"management":[41],"control":[43],"sophisticated":[48],"machine":[49],"learning-driven":[50],"software":[51],"microservices":[52],"known":[53],"as":[54,260,262],"xApps.":[55],"These":[56],"xApps":[57],"rely":[58],"on":[59,191,234],"accessing":[60],"diverse":[62],"range":[63],"sensitive":[65,98],"data":[66,100,122,159,166,193,207,245],"from":[67],"User":[70],"Equipment":[71],"(UE),":[72],"stored":[73],"in":[74,256],"near":[76],"Real-Time":[77],"RIC":[78,114,126,130,174],"(Near-RT":[79],"RIC)":[80],"database.":[81,175],"inherent":[83],"nature":[84],"shared,":[87],"multi-vendor,":[88],"open":[90],"environment":[91],"significantly":[92],"raises":[93],"risk":[95],"unauthorized":[97],"RAN/UE":[99,121,158],"exposure.":[101,208],"In":[102],"response":[103],"to":[104,142,155,197,202,225],"these":[105],"privacy":[106,123],"concerns,":[107],"paper":[109],"proposes":[110],"privacy-preserving":[112],"zero-trust":[113],"(dubbed":[115],"as,":[116],"ZT-RIC)":[117],"framework":[118],"that":[119,240],"preserves":[120],"platform":[127],"(i.e.,":[128],"shared":[129,173],"database,":[131],"xA<tex":[132],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[133,181,200],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$p$</tex>p,":[134],"E2":[136,170],"interface).":[137],"underlying":[139],"idea":[140],"employ":[143],"computationally":[145],"efficient":[146],"cryptographic":[147],"technique":[148],"called":[149],"Inner":[150],"Product":[151],"Functional":[152],"Encryption":[153],"(IPFE)":[154],"encrypt":[156],"at":[160],"base":[162],"station,":[163],"thus,":[164],"preventing":[165],"leaks":[167],"over":[168],"interface":[171],"Furthermore,":[176],"ZT-RIC":[177,241],"customizes":[178],"xAp<tex":[180,199],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$p$</tex>'s":[182],"inference":[183],"model":[184,252],"by":[185,195],"leveraging":[186],"inner":[188],"product":[189],"operations":[190],"encrypted":[192],"supported":[194],"IPFE":[196],"enable":[198],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$p$</tex>":[201],"make":[203],"accurate":[204],"inferences":[205],"without":[206],"For":[209],"evaluation":[210],"purposes,":[211],"we":[212],"leverage":[213],"state-of-the-art":[215],"InterClass":[216],"xApp,":[217],"utilizes":[219],"key":[221],"performance":[222],"metrics":[223],"(KPMs)":[224],"identify":[226],"jamming":[227,258],"signals":[228,259],"wireless":[231],"network.":[232],"Prototyping":[233],"an":[235],"LTE/5G":[236],"testbed":[238],"demonstrates":[239],"not":[242],"only":[243],"ensures":[244],"privacy/confidentiality":[246],"but":[247],"also":[248],"guarantees":[249],"desired":[251],"accuracy":[253],"97.9%":[255],"detecting":[257],"well":[261],"meeting":[263],"stringent":[264],"sub-second":[265],"timing":[266],"requirement":[267],"with":[268],"round-trip":[270],"time":[271],"(RTT)":[272],"0.527":[274],"seconds.":[275]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-14T07:44:22.658603","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
