{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410087662","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc54725.2025.10975863","title":"Adaptive Virtual Reality Learning Environment with a Reinforcement Learning-Driven Pedagogical Agent","display_name":"Adaptive Virtual Reality Learning Environment with a Reinforcement Learning-Driven Pedagogical Agent","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410087662","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc54725.2025.10975863"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccnc54725.2025.10975863","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc54725.2025.10975863","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 22nd Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061532947","display_name":"Sai Shreya Nuguri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8723-100X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sai Shreya Nuguri","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Missouri-Columbia","University of North Texas"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Missouri-Columbia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Texas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094236145","display_name":"Anirudh Kambhampati","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anirudh Kambhampati","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Missouri-Columbia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Missouri-Columbia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074747253","display_name":"Noah Glaser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1966-2720"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noah Glaser","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Missouri-Columbia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Missouri-Columbia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010931060","display_name":"Prasad Calyam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prasad Calyam","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Missouri-Columbia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Missouri-Columbia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021065685","display_name":"Shangman Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2487-9403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shangman Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Missouri-Columbia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Missouri-Columbia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Cassidy Bates","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95144958","display_name":"Drury University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ntw4c66","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95144958"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cassidy Bates","raw_affiliation_strings":["Drury University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Drury University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95144958"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048153921","display_name":"Alan Stevens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2247-1228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I924760719","display_name":"University of North Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/001pe5g24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I924760719"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alia Stevens","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Georgia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Georgia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I924760719"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117435822","display_name":"Sanjana Nuguri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjana Nuguri","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Missouri-Columbia","University of North Texas"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Missouri-Columbia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Texas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.5497,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98757805,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14470","display_name":"Advanced Data Processing Techniques","score":0.43140000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14470","display_name":"Advanced Data Processing Techniques","score":0.43140000104904175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8382830023765564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6939029693603516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.6645683646202087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.535519003868103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-driven-learning","display_name":"Error-driven learning","score":0.455756813287735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot-learning","display_name":"Robot learning","score":0.43076133728027344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.312402606010437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.16078341007232666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-robot","display_name":"Mobile robot","score":0.12042775750160217}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8382830023765564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6939029693603516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.6645683646202087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.535519003868103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47932503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5395689","display_name":"Error-driven learning","level":3,"score":0.455756813287735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188888258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353390","display_name":"Robot learning","level":4,"score":0.43076133728027344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.312402606010437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.16078341007232666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19966478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574","display_name":"Mobile robot","level":3,"score":0.12042775750160217}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccnc54725.2025.10975863","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc54725.2025.10975863","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 22nd Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1891488650","display_name":"Social Virtual Reality enabled Learning to Empower Special Education Students in Gaining Competence to Join the Future Technology Workforce","funder_award_id":"2302596","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2024074057","https://openalex.org/W2028924360","https://openalex.org/W2071104925","https://openalex.org/W2099050939","https://openalex.org/W2136637920","https://openalex.org/W2494998521","https://openalex.org/W2513037788","https://openalex.org/W2587685623","https://openalex.org/W2760313715","https://openalex.org/W2885781932","https://openalex.org/W2900792485","https://openalex.org/W2964067883","https://openalex.org/W3090817858","https://openalex.org/W3121885928","https://openalex.org/W3166329150","https://openalex.org/W3199219602","https://openalex.org/W4290831096","https://openalex.org/W4308099603"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2059650074","https://openalex.org/W4285504728","https://openalex.org/W2930863966","https://openalex.org/W2126211886","https://openalex.org/W3153786280","https://openalex.org/W3127551068","https://openalex.org/W2371091044","https://openalex.org/W4220829754","https://openalex.org/W2171010636","https://openalex.org/W2165180011"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,41,64,70,74,100,105,108,115,129,132,143,149,156,180],"fast":[2],"evolving":[3],"advances":[4],"in":[5,12,37,62,127,134,152],"technology":[6],"to":[7,29,53,69,93,98,107,119,176],"create":[8],"immersive":[9,22],"learner":[10],"experiences":[11,102],"Virtual":[13],"Reality":[14],"(VR),":[15],"there":[16],"are":[17],"significant":[18],"opportunities":[19],"for":[20,43,167],"developing":[21],"and":[23,146],"engaging":[24],"VR":[25],"Learning":[26,90],"Environments":[27],"(VRLEs)":[28],"train":[30],"neurodiverse":[31,45,111],"individuals.":[32],"Integrating":[33],"Pedagogical":[34],"Agents":[35],"(PAs)":[36],"these":[38],"VRLEs":[39],"has":[40],"potential":[42],"supporting":[44],"learners":[46],"by":[47,103],"providing":[48],"personalized,":[49],"adaptive":[50],"guidance":[51],"tailored":[52],"their":[54],"unique":[55],"needs.":[56],"However,":[57],"a":[58,81,88,153,164],"key":[59],"challenge":[60],"lies":[61],"ensuring":[63],"PAs":[65],"can":[66,173],"adapt":[67,177],"effectively":[68],"diverse":[71],"circumstances":[72],"of":[73,110,131,142,148,158],"learners.":[75,112],"In":[76],"this":[77],"paper,":[78],"we":[79,123],"present":[80],"novel":[82],"VRLE":[83,106,154,170],"viz.,":[84],"uSucceed":[85],"that":[86,172],"leverages":[87],"Reinforcement":[89],"(RL)-driven":[91],"PA":[92,117,151],"provide":[94],"adaptive,":[95],"personalized":[96],"support":[97],"enhance":[99],"training":[101],"tailoring":[104],"needs":[109],"By":[113],"designing":[114],"RL-driven":[116,150],"algorithm":[118],"use":[120],"Deep":[121],"Q-Network,":[122],"study":[124],"its":[125],"capability":[126],"guiding":[128],"actions":[130],"student":[133],"an":[135],"ongoing":[136],"learning":[137],"basis.":[138],"Simulation":[139],"experiment":[140],"results":[141,162],"speed,":[144],"accuracy":[145],"efficiency":[147],"demonstrate":[155],"benefits":[157],"our":[159],"approach.":[160],"These":[161],"build":[163],"strong":[165],"base":[166],"future":[168],"dynamic":[169],"research":[171],"be":[174],"programmed":[175],"based":[178],"on":[179],"learners'":[181],"experience.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}