{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4327767812","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc51644.2023.10060797","title":"Tiny but Mighty: Embedded Machine Learning for Indoor Wireless Localization","display_name":"Tiny but Mighty: Embedded Machine Learning for Indoor Wireless Localization","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4327767812","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc51644.2023.10060797"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccnc51644.2023.10060797","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc51644.2023.10060797","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 20th Consumer Communications &amp; Networking Conference (CCNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101779366","display_name":"Ben Jones","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6139-0484"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143477","display_name":"Toshiba (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/054hmd463","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757","https://openalex.org/I4210143477"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ben Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba Europe Ltd., Bristol Research &#x0026; Innovation Laboratory,Bristol,UK","University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba Europe Ltd., Bristol Research &#x0026; Innovation Laboratory,Bristol,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143477"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bristol, Bristol, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101664748","display_name":"Usman Raza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2274-3783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108907","display_name":"PPMA Group of Associations","ror":"https://ror.org/01n6r0d03","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108907"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Usman Raza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Waymap Limited,London","Waymap Limited, London"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Waymap Limited,London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108907"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Waymap Limited, London","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009611028","display_name":"Aftab Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3573-6240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143477","display_name":"Toshiba (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/054hmd463","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757","https://openalex.org/I4210143477"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aftab Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba Europe Ltd., Bristol Research &#x0026; Innovation Laboratory,Bristol,UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba Europe Ltd., Bristol Research &#x0026; Innovation Laboratory,Bristol,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143477"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101779366"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482","https://openalex.org/I4210143477"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9927,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7427246,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"176","last_page":"181"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beacon","display_name":"Beacon","score":0.8256157636642456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.76756751537323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5930915474891663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5712294578552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narrowband","display_name":"Narrowband","score":0.50136399269104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4783482253551483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/default-gateway","display_name":"Default gateway","score":0.4633716940879822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43453043699264526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.4272667169570923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4270588159561157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.35119765996932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2781468629837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.19314157962799072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11323779821395874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102168758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7321258","display_name":"Beacon","level":2,"score":0.8256157636642456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.76756751537323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5930915474891663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5712294578552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776096036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140483","display_name":"Narrowband","level":2,"score":0.50136399269104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4783482253551483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187713609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2465461","display_name":"Default gateway","level":2,"score":0.4633716940879822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43453043699264526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4272667169570923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4270588159561157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.35119765996932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2781468629837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.19314157962799072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11323779821395874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccnc51644.2023.10060797","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc51644.2023.10060797","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 20th Consumer Communications &amp; Networking Conference (CCNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1464106189","https://openalex.org/W2402514617","https://openalex.org/W2950581795","https://openalex.org/W2964029185","https://openalex.org/W2981585346","https://openalex.org/W3010603259","https://openalex.org/W3011347095","https://openalex.org/W3093247745","https://openalex.org/W3093960020","https://openalex.org/W4285155052","https://openalex.org/W4287639545"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2107465492","https://openalex.org/W2138410549","https://openalex.org/W2001728594","https://openalex.org/W2517800246","https://openalex.org/W2578447282","https://openalex.org/W2952550233","https://openalex.org/W2015749775","https://openalex.org/W2801491683","https://openalex.org/W2006719710","https://openalex.org/W2352324678"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"is":[1,27],"an":[2,149],"increasing":[3],"demand":[4],"for":[5,21,154],"accurate":[6,238],"indoor":[7],"localisation":[8,22],"that":[9,113,200],"require":[10,47],"minimal":[11],"infrastructure":[12,127],"and":[13,25,99,129,160,162,213,227,232],"wide":[14],"coverage.":[15,107],"All":[16],"radio":[17,156],"technologies":[18,61,76,157],"commonly":[19],"used":[20],"have":[23,217],"trade-offs":[24],"there":[26],"no":[28],"clear":[29],"winner.":[30],"Accurate":[31],"systems":[32,56,216],"such":[33,77],"as":[34,78,142],"ultra-wideband":[35],"(UWB)":[36],"radio,":[37],"due":[38],"to":[39,141,167,198,220],"their":[40,63,169,222,244],"short":[41],"range":[42,75,92],"of":[43,45,50,91,116,120,180,191],"tens":[44],"meters,":[46],"dense":[48],"deployment":[49],"beacons,":[51],"incurring":[52],"huge":[53],"cost.":[54],"Such":[55],"out-match":[57],"the":[58,71,83,114,118,178,189,196],"2.4GHz":[59,84],"narrowband":[60],"with":[62,70,93,235],"10cm":[64],"accuracy":[65,224],"against":[66],"a":[67,88,236],"few":[68,89],"metres":[69],"latter.":[72],"However,":[73],"long":[74,124],"LoRa,":[79,161],"while":[80],"operating":[81],"in":[82,96,110],"band,":[85],"can":[86,132,204],"provide":[87],"kilometers":[90],"fewer":[94],"beacons":[95],"ideal":[97],"conditions":[98],"are":[100,195],"therefore":[101],"cost":[102],"effective":[103],"whilst":[104],"providing":[105],"greater":[106],"We":[108,172],"argue":[109],"this":[111,145],"paper":[112],"desire":[115],"having":[117],"best":[119,190],"both":[121],"worlds,":[122],"i.e.,":[123,158],"range,":[125],"low":[126],"costs,":[128],"sub-meter":[130],"accuracy,":[131],"be":[133],"achieved":[134],"using":[135],"embedded":[136],"machine":[137,164,202],"learning,":[138],"often":[139],"referred":[140],"TinyML.":[143],"To":[144,188],"extent,":[146],"we":[147,194],"run":[148],"extensive":[150],"data":[151],"collection":[152],"campaign":[153],"two":[155],"UWB":[159,212],"train":[163],"learning":[165,203,231],"models":[166,176],"improve":[168,206,221],"localization":[170,207,223],"performance.":[171],"then":[173],"deploy":[174],"these":[175],"on":[177],"tiniest":[179],"devices":[181],"powered":[182],"by":[183,225],"ARM":[184],"Cortex":[185],"M4":[186],"microcontrollers.":[187],"our":[192,210],"knowledge,":[193],"first":[197],"demonstrate":[199],"on-device":[201],"significantly":[205],"accuracy.":[208],"In":[209],"case,":[211],"LoRa":[214],"based":[215],"been":[218],"shown":[219],"~20%":[226],"~70%":[228],"respectively,":[229],"through":[230],"essentially":[233],"calibrating":[234],"more":[237],"optical":[239],"camera":[240],"system":[241],"without":[242],"inheriting":[243],"weaknesses.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
