{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3138469596","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc49032.2021.9369461","title":"Toward Bias Analysis Using Tweets and Natural Language Processing","display_name":"Toward Bias Analysis Using Tweets and Natural Language Processing","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3138469596","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc49032.2021.9369461","mag":"3138469596"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccnc49032.2021.9369461","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc49032.2021.9369461","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 18th Annual Consumer Communications &amp; Networking Conference (CCNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070219625","display_name":"Earl Tankard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1984-7387"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137853757","display_name":"Howard University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gt1vc06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Earl Tankard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Howard University, Washington DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Howard University, Washington DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040174964","display_name":"Christopher Flowers","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137853757","display_name":"Howard University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gt1vc06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Flowers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Howard University, Washington DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Howard University, Washington DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108050285","display_name":"Jiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0549-7438"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137853757","display_name":"Howard University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gt1vc06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Howard University, Washington DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Howard University, Washington DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046343080","display_name":"Danda B. Rawat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3638-3464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137853757","display_name":"Howard University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gt1vc06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danda B. Rawat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Howard University, Washington DC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Howard University, Washington DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137853757"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"3"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10664","display_name":"Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.974399983882904,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9731000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prejudice","display_name":"Prejudice (legal term)","score":0.7347450256347656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multitude","display_name":"Multitude","score":0.7208167910575867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentiment-analysis","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","score":0.6786333918571472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.6067804098129272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","score":0.6065951585769653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5474302768707275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.39165812730789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.38855254650115967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.38023674488067627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.3381780982017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.2580867409706116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.18405795097351074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.12549424171447754}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107062074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q109701697","display_name":"Prejudice (legal term)","level":2,"score":0.7347450256347656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780565519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1208937","display_name":"Multitude","level":2,"score":0.7208167910575867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66402592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271421","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","level":2,"score":0.6786333918571472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.6067804098129272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6065951585769653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5474302768707275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.39165812730789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.38855254650115967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.38023674488067627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3381780982017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.2580867409706116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.18405795097351074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.12549424171447754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccnc49032.2021.9369461","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc49032.2021.9369461","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 18th Annual Consumer Communications &amp; Networking Conference (CCNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4114661379","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-20-2-0277","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338295","funder_display_name":"Army Research Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8190504648","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IIS #1924092","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313488","display_name":"Howard University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gt1vc06"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338295","display_name":"Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2340417948","https://openalex.org/W2998433004","https://openalex.org/W3105873824"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2417432647","https://openalex.org/W2168950483","https://openalex.org/W2371114124","https://openalex.org/W1858324360","https://openalex.org/W1975110769","https://openalex.org/W2378535610","https://openalex.org/W2766817603","https://openalex.org/W4213029470","https://openalex.org/W2798951784"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Whether":[0],"intentionally":[1],"or":[2,13,83,170],"not,":[3],"many":[4],"individuals":[5],"in":[6,15,24,35,78],"society":[7],"express":[8,92],"some":[9],"form":[10],"of":[11,27,74,108,124,140,143],"prejudice":[12],"bias":[14,142],"their":[16,93,97],"thinking":[17,45],"and":[18,29,47,66,95,174],"communications.":[19],"Prejudice":[20],"can":[21,38,151,163],"be":[22,31,69,164],"expressed":[23],"a":[25,138,161,181],"multitude":[26],"ways":[28,88],"may":[30,68],"directed":[32],"towards":[33],"anything":[34],"which":[36,160],"people":[37,85],"have":[39,86],"an":[40,53,102,118,144],"opinion.":[41],"What":[42],"makes":[43],"prejudiced/biased":[44],"different":[46],"potentially":[48],"more":[49,87],"dangerous":[50],"than":[51,89],"having":[52],"opinion":[54],"is":[55,147,175],"that":[56],"they":[57],"are":[58],"not":[59],"always":[60],"based":[61],"on":[62],"one's":[63],"personal":[64],"experiences":[65],"therefore":[67],"misinformed.":[70],"With":[71],"the":[72,79,109,122,155],"rise":[73],"social":[75,113],"media":[76,114],"platforms":[77],"last":[80],"20":[81],"years":[82],"so,":[84],"ever":[90],"to":[91,104,116,154,166,178],"opinions":[94],"share":[96],"voices.":[98],"This":[99,149],"paper":[100],"defines":[101],"approach":[103],"using":[105],"Twitter,":[106],"one":[107],"most":[110],"popular":[111],"modern-day":[112],"platforms,":[115],"analyze":[117],"individual's":[119],"tweets":[120],"for":[121],"purposes":[123],"identifying":[125],"potential":[126,141],"biases.":[127],"Using":[128],"sentiment":[129],"analysis":[130],"along":[131],"with":[132],"other":[133],"natural":[134],"language":[135],"processing":[136],"tools,":[137],"score":[139,150],"individual":[145],"user":[146],"calculated.":[148],"provide":[152],"insight":[153],"degree":[156],"and/or":[157],"frequency":[158],"at":[159],"person":[162],"expected":[165],"exhibit":[167],"biased":[168,172],"behavior":[169],"make":[171],"statements":[173],"only":[176],"meant":[177],"serve":[179],"as":[180],"reference.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
