{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3013434480","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc46108.2020.9045256","title":"On BER of Fixed-Scale MIMO Underwater Wireless Optical Communication Systems","display_name":"On BER of Fixed-Scale MIMO Underwater Wireless Optical Communication Systems","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3013434480","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc46108.2020.9045256","mag":"3013434480"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccnc46108.2020.9045256","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc46108.2020.9045256","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE 17th Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033918890","display_name":"Runing Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114105","display_name":"Tsinghua\u2013Berkeley Shenzhen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwwz98","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I95457486","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Runing Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100409205","display_name":"Yingjie Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0411-6716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114105","display_name":"Tsinghua\u2013Berkeley Shenzhen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwwz98","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I95457486","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingjie Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050379207","display_name":"Zixian Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6360-124X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114105","display_name":"Tsinghua\u2013Berkeley Shenzhen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwwz98","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I95457486","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zixian Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052126448","display_name":"H. Y. Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4276-0011"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114105","display_name":"Tsinghua\u2013Berkeley Shenzhen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwwz98","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I95457486","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyan Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045995606","display_name":"Julian Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6310-8236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260628","display_name":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04241wz75","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108047157","display_name":"Yuhan Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5275-1787"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114105","display_name":"Tsinghua\u2013Berkeley Shenzhen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwwz98","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I95457486","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhan Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033918890"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2075,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.49497737,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.967199981212616,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6791423559188843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path-loss","display_name":"Path loss","score":0.6575804948806763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6480629444122314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.6158459782600403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.4908662438392639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-system","display_name":"Communications system","score":0.4568406641483307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-space-optical-communication","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","score":0.45660924911499023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.45048946142196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.43797633051872253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.43499305844306946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-communication","display_name":"Optical communication","score":0.3723144233226776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.33208930492401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2926028072834015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19666114449501038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17209181189537048}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6791423559188843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194273485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478845","display_name":"Path loss","level":3,"score":0.6575804948806763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6480629444122314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.6158459782600403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.4908662438392639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.4568406641483307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197000039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2027432","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","level":3,"score":0.45660924911499023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.45048946142196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.43797633051872253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.43499305844306946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.3723144233226776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.33208930492401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2926028072834015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19666114449501038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17209181189537048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccnc46108.2020.9045256","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc46108.2020.9045256","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE 17th Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8199999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W26600685","https://openalex.org/W631096435","https://openalex.org/W1975958493","https://openalex.org/W1996160600","https://openalex.org/W2010187265","https://openalex.org/W2012864751","https://openalex.org/W2015142664","https://openalex.org/W2043832411","https://openalex.org/W2055266677","https://openalex.org/W2059126643","https://openalex.org/W2060514040","https://openalex.org/W2067688786","https://openalex.org/W2122273579","https://openalex.org/W2130204725","https://openalex.org/W2135238665","https://openalex.org/W2161062967","https://openalex.org/W2167590781","https://openalex.org/W2193288337","https://openalex.org/W2215893845","https://openalex.org/W2286788142","https://openalex.org/W2432189127","https://openalex.org/W2438724865","https://openalex.org/W2607000399","https://openalex.org/W2736153531","https://openalex.org/W2772817102","https://openalex.org/W2963523009","https://openalex.org/W4300223101","https://openalex.org/W6667502595","https://openalex.org/W6746596321"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2794431023","https://openalex.org/W1988526227","https://openalex.org/W2161504364","https://openalex.org/W1194392288","https://openalex.org/W1976230005","https://openalex.org/W2050949024","https://openalex.org/W1977345264","https://openalex.org/W2522150621","https://openalex.org/W2155866289","https://openalex.org/W2904463789"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Underwater":[0],"wireless":[1],"optical":[2],"communication":[3,116],"(UWOC)":[4],"has":[5],"huge":[6],"potential":[7],"for":[8],"its":[9],"high":[10],"speed,":[11],"low":[12],"latency":[13],"and":[14,25,36,96,114],"reliable":[15],"security.":[16],"However,":[17],"besides":[18],"the":[19,33,57,87,94,108,115,121,124,135,143],"channel":[20],"impairments":[21],"such":[22],"as":[23],"absorption":[24,95],"scattering,":[26],"dynamic":[27,130],"ocean":[28,131],"environments":[29],"can":[30,101],"also":[31,83],"degrade":[32],"system":[34,54,63,88,106,122,146],"performance":[35],"even":[37],"incur":[38],"link":[39,60,149],"interruptions.":[40],"In":[41],"this":[42,105],"paper,":[43],"we":[44,141],"propose":[45],"a":[46,70],"4":[47,49],"\u00d7":[48],"fixed-scale":[50],"multiple-input":[51],"multiple-output":[52],"UWOC":[53],"to":[55,68,75,85,129,148],"remove":[56],"impediment":[58],"of":[59,126,145],"misalignment.":[61,150],"The":[62,78],"employs":[64],"two":[65],"collimated":[66],"lens":[67],"perform":[69],"mapping":[71],"from":[72],"each":[73],"source":[74],"associated":[76],"photodetector.":[77],"bit-error":[79],"rate":[80],"expression":[81],"is":[82,118],"derived":[84],"evaluate":[86],"performance.":[89],"Numerical":[90],"simulations":[91],"illustrate":[92],"that":[93],"scattering":[97,109],"induced":[98],"path":[99],"loss":[100],"be":[102],"alleviated":[103],"by":[104],"when":[107],"angles":[110],"are":[111],"relatively":[112],"small":[113],"range":[117],"moderate.":[119],"Furthermore,":[120],"diminishes":[123],"sensitivity":[125],"underwater":[127],"vehicles":[128],"environments.":[132],"By":[133],"taking":[134],"window":[136],"truncation":[137],"effect":[138],"into":[139],"consideration,":[140],"quantify":[142],"enhancement":[144],"robustness":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-26T15:22:09.906841","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}