{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7129048108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccmcc67628.2025.11380744","title":"Area-Efficient Heterogeneous MRAM for High-Performing AI Acceleration","display_name":"Area-Efficient Heterogeneous MRAM for High-Performing AI Acceleration","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7129048108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccmcc67628.2025.11380744"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccmcc67628.2025.11380744","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccmcc67628.2025.11380744","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Memory-Centric Computing (CCMCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025724355","display_name":"Sohan Salahuddin Mugdho","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sohan Salahuddin Mugdho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Iowa State University of Science and Technology,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Ames,IA,50010"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Iowa State University of Science and Technology,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Ames,IA,50010","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107077563","display_name":"Kshemal K. Gupte","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kshemal K. Gupte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Iowa State University of Science and Technology,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Ames,IA,50010"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Iowa State University of Science and Technology,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Ames,IA,50010","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125766541","display_name":"Md Shahedul Hasan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md. Shahedul Hasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Iowa State University of Science and Technology,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Ames,IA,50010"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Iowa State University of Science and Technology,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Ames,IA,50010","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126100846","display_name":"Cheng Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Iowa State University of Science and Technology,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Ames,IA,50010"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Iowa State University of Science and Technology,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Ames,IA,50010","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10049","display_name":"Magnetic properties of thin films","score":0.9642000198364258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10049","display_name":"Magnetic properties of thin films","score":0.9642000198364258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.006800000090152025,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10378","display_name":"Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications","score":0.003800000064074993,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetoresistive-random-access-memory","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","score":0.8909000158309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.6973000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-access","display_name":"Random access","score":0.5282999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-random-access-memory","display_name":"Static random-access memory","score":0.5180000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4390999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.4090000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spin-transfer-torque","display_name":"Spin-transfer torque","score":0.3986000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-memory","display_name":"Universal memory","score":0.3862999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.37389999628067017}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46891859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061546","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.8909000158309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7038000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.6973000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101722063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218825","display_name":"Random access","level":2,"score":0.5282999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68043766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267416","display_name":"Static random-access memory","level":2,"score":0.5180000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4390999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4090000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C609986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844840","display_name":"Spin-transfer torque","level":4,"score":0.3986000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.396699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195053848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7894141","display_name":"Universal memory","level":5,"score":0.3862999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.37389999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.36980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80469333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189088","display_name":"Von Neumann architecture","level":2,"score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994168587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5295","display_name":"Random access memory","level":2,"score":0.3544999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176649486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2308807","display_name":"Memory management","level":3,"score":0.3513999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177950962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10997658","display_name":"Non-volatile memory","level":2,"score":0.33869999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182019814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143830","display_name":"Resistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.33660000562667847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.30730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778915421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3643177","display_name":"Performance improvement","level":2,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123593499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6008583","display_name":"In-Memory Processing","level":5,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776638159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18343761","display_name":"Memory cell","level":4,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98986596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143031","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","level":2,"score":0.2671000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779602883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15544750","display_name":"Memory architecture","level":2,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45235069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278425","display_name":"Table (database)","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccmcc67628.2025.11380744","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccmcc67628.2025.11380744","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Memory-Centric Computing (CCMCC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8753212690353394,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2010202670","https://openalex.org/W2065759842","https://openalex.org/W2090557012","https://openalex.org/W2101795120","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2560114385","https://openalex.org/W2593172471","https://openalex.org/W2604319603","https://openalex.org/W2769296641","https://openalex.org/W2770978880","https://openalex.org/W2800126119","https://openalex.org/W2806167418","https://openalex.org/W2888727064","https://openalex.org/W2890826549","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2940862705","https://openalex.org/W2970241502","https://openalex.org/W2981849318","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3133253223","https://openalex.org/W3170647102","https://openalex.org/W3187014530","https://openalex.org/W3190062760","https://openalex.org/W3196387322","https://openalex.org/W4240306535","https://openalex.org/W4313178187","https://openalex.org/W4313254474","https://openalex.org/W4391183353","https://openalex.org/W4393141091","https://openalex.org/W4393145114","https://openalex.org/W4398774928","https://openalex.org/W4404317150","https://openalex.org/W4406110695"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"Artificial":[1],"Intelligence":[2],"(AI)":[3],"workloads":[4],"have":[5,136],"become":[6],"increasingly":[7],"complex":[8],"and":[9,78,123,183,201,213,223],"memory-intensive,":[10],"posing":[11],"a":[12,52,116,156],"significant":[13,157],"challenge":[14],"to":[15,22,34,59,99,102,154,166,204,211],"computational":[16],"efficiency.":[17,202],"One":[18],"promising":[19,53],"solution":[20],"is":[21,91,152],"address":[23],"the":[24,36,74,84,87,94,130,140,144,160,170,176,188,205,217],"notorious":[25],"von-Neumann":[26],"memory":[27,33,55,220],"wall":[28],"bottleneck":[29,173],"by":[30,93],"enabling":[31],"high-density":[32],"reduce":[35],"off-chip":[37],"data":[38],"movement.":[39],"Spin":[40],"Transfer":[41],"Torque":[42],"Magnetic":[43],"Random":[44,64],"Access":[45,65],"Memory":[46,66],"(STT-MRAM)":[47],"has":[48],"recently":[49],"emerged":[50],"as":[51],"non-volatile":[54],"(NVM)":[56],"technology.":[57],"Compared":[58,203],"Complementary":[60],"Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor":[61],"(CMOS)-based":[62],"Static":[63],"(SRAM),":[67],"MRAM":[68,118,125,182],"achieves":[69],"higher":[70],"density":[71,162],"while":[72,174,227],"providing":[73],"desirable":[75],"access":[76,95,221],"speed":[77],"endurance":[79],"for":[80,107],"on-chip":[81,161],"memory.":[82],"However,":[83],"scaling":[85],"of":[86,163,169,187,219],"standard":[88],"STT-MRAM":[89],"cell":[90,126],"hindered":[92],"transistor,":[96],"which":[97],"needs":[98],"be":[100],"large":[101],"supply":[103],"sufficient":[104],"write":[105,179],"currents":[106],"accurate":[108],"STT-driven":[109],"switching.":[110],"In":[111],"this":[112],"work,":[113],"we":[114,208],"propose":[115],"heterogeneous":[117],"architecture":[119],"based":[120],"on":[121],"area-efficient":[122],"error-aware":[124],"design.":[127],"We":[128],"exploit":[129],"insight":[131],"that":[132],"pre-trained":[133],"DNN":[134],"models":[135],"high":[137],"heterogeneity":[138],"in":[139,159,178,216],"error":[141,200],"resiliency":[142],"at":[143],"bit-level":[145],"granularity.":[146],"A":[147],"comprehensive":[148],"device-circuit-algorithm":[149],"co-optimization":[150],"framework":[151],"developed":[153],"harness":[155],"improvement":[158,215],"MRAM,":[164],"leading":[165],"substantial":[167],"mitigation":[168],"von":[171],"Neumann":[172],"narrowing":[175],"gap":[177],"energy":[180,222],"between":[181,198],"SRAM.":[184],"Our":[185],"evaluations":[186],"co-designed":[189],"MRAM-based":[190],"AI":[191],"inference":[192,230],"engine":[193],"demonstrate":[194],"an":[195],"optimal":[196],"trade-off":[197],"bit":[199],"SRAM":[206],"baseline,":[207],"achieve":[209],"up":[210],"4.7x":[212],"2.43x":[214],"efficiency":[218],"system-level":[224],"energy,":[225],"respectively,":[226],"preserving":[228],"near-lossless":[229],"accuracy.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-02-17T00:00:00"}
