{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387251687","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccis59572.2023.10263214","title":"Unsupervised Optical Mark Localization for Answer Sheet Based on Energy Optimization","display_name":"Unsupervised Optical Mark Localization for Answer Sheet Based on Energy Optimization","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387251687","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccis59572.2023.10263214"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccis59572.2023.10263214","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccis59572.2023.10263214","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 9th International Conference on Cloud Computing and Intelligent Systems (CCIS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066087170","display_name":"Chenbo Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8022-5992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenbo Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong University of Science and Technology,College of Intelligent Equipment,Tai’an,China,271019"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong University of Science and Technology,College of Intelligent Equipment,Tai’an,China,271019","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073823650","display_name":"Junsheng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8740-2851"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junsheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong University of Science and Technology,College of Intelligent Equipment,Tai’an,China,271019"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong University of Science and Technology,College of Intelligent Equipment,Tai’an,China,271019","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100436795","display_name":"Jie Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7465-1303"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong University of Science and Technology,College of Intelligent Equipment,Tai’an,China,271019"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong University of Science and Technology,College of Intelligent Equipment,Tai’an,China,271019","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074033048","display_name":"Chun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9791-4500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong University of Science and Technology,College of Intelligent Equipment,Tai’an,China,271019"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong University of Science and Technology,College of Intelligent Equipment,Tai’an,China,271019","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000155348","display_name":"Xiangteng Zang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9932-1984"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangteng Zang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong University of Science and Technology,College of Intelligent Equipment,Tai’an,China,271019"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong University of Science and Technology,College of Intelligent Equipment,Tai’an,China,271019","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100436173","display_name":"Lei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1939-5532"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong University of Science and Technology,College of Intelligent Equipment,Tai’an,China,271019"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong University of Science and Technology,College of Intelligent Equipment,Tai’an,China,271019","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008984115","display_name":"Changsheng Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2083-2704"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changsheng Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong University of Science and Technology,College of Intelligent Equipment,Tai’an,China,271019"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong University of Science and Technology,College of Intelligent Equipment,Tai’an,China,271019","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2246,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51905562,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"386","last_page":"392"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9803000092506409,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7560184001922607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.7297605276107788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6748258471488953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5550023317337036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall","display_name":"Precision and recall","score":0.4910156726837158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.46783486008644104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4423379600048065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.43450161814689636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3819417357444763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11034947633743286}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7560184001922607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.7297605276107788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6748258471488953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5550023317337036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.4910156726837158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.46783486008644104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4423379600048065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43450161814689636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3819417357444763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11034947633743286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccis59572.2023.10263214","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccis59572.2023.10263214","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 9th International Conference on Cloud Computing and Intelligent Systems (CCIS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5400000214576721,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972058265","https://openalex.org/W1981921293","https://openalex.org/W2004001432","https://openalex.org/W2104095591","https://openalex.org/W2116040950","https://openalex.org/W2118119298","https://openalex.org/W2504335775","https://openalex.org/W2587952599","https://openalex.org/W2899859235","https://openalex.org/W2963721709","https://openalex.org/W3035731588","https://openalex.org/W3095917712","https://openalex.org/W3113742066","https://openalex.org/W3132455321","https://openalex.org/W3182026552"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2085033728","https://openalex.org/W4285411112","https://openalex.org/W2171299904","https://openalex.org/W1647606319","https://openalex.org/W4390494008","https://openalex.org/W2053596378","https://openalex.org/W2922442631","https://openalex.org/W2168523118","https://openalex.org/W2073639911","https://openalex.org/W2043988397"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Optical":[0],"Mark":[1,75],"Recognition":[2],"(OMR)":[3],"is":[4],"a":[5,73,117,123,154],"crucial":[6],"automated":[7],"data":[8],"entry":[9],"technique":[10],"in":[11,25,47],"industries":[12],"such":[13],"as":[14],"education,":[15],"finance,":[16],"and":[17,43,51,90,115,122,139],"consulting.":[18],"However,":[19],"the":[20,32,57,61,93,102,134,146,158],"localization":[21,97,161],"of":[22,34,37,60,98,105,120,126,148],"optical":[23,38,67,99,149,159],"marks":[24],"diverse":[26,35],"scenarios":[27],"remains":[28],"challenging.":[29],"Aiming":[30],"at":[31],"problems":[33],"types":[36],"marks,":[39],"irregular":[40,44],"printing":[41],"quality,":[42],"array":[45],"layout":[46],"various":[48],"examinations,":[49],"questionnaires,":[50],"homework":[52],"scenarios,":[53],"this":[54],"paper":[55],"presents":[56],"first":[58],"proposal":[59],"energy":[62],"optimization":[63],"algorithm":[64,71,135],"for":[65],"accurate":[66],"mark":[68,150,160],"localization.":[69],"The":[70,130],"introduces":[72],"Single":[74],"Localization":[76],"Model":[77],"(SMLM)":[78],"within":[79],"an":[80],"unsupervised":[81],"framework.":[82],"By":[83],"considering":[84],"pixel":[85,88],"distribution,":[86],"regional":[87],"proportion,":[89],"aspect":[91],"ratio,":[92],"SMLM":[94],"achieves":[95],"precise":[96],"marks.":[100],"In":[101],"experimental":[103],"evaluation":[104],"over":[106],"18,000":[107],"answer":[108],"sheets":[109],"across":[110],"82":[111],"different":[112],"marking":[113],"symbols":[114],"layouts,":[116],"precision":[118],"rate":[119,125],"99.82%":[121],"recall":[124],"99.03%":[127],"were":[128],"achieved.":[129],"results":[131],"show":[132],"that":[133],"has":[136],"strong":[137],"robustness":[138],"versatility.":[140],"Thus,":[141],"our":[142],"study":[143],"significantly":[144],"advances":[145],"field":[147],"recognition":[151],"by":[152],"providing":[153],"practical":[155],"solution":[156],"to":[157],"problem.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}