{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387951207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccece58730.2023.10288852","title":"Subtractor-Based CNN Inference Accelerator","display_name":"Subtractor-Based CNN Inference Accelerator","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387951207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccece58730.2023.10288852"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccece58730.2023.10288852","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccece58730.2023.10288852","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092998240","display_name":"Victor Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129902397","display_name":"Dalhousie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01e6qks80","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victor Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dalhousie University,The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Halifax,NS,Canada","The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalhousie University,The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Halifax,NS,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089770187","display_name":"Issam Hammad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1895-3438"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129902397","display_name":"Dalhousie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01e6qks80","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Issam Hammad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dalhousie University,The Department of Engineering Mathematics and Internetworking,Halifax,NS,Canada","The Department of Engineering Mathematics and Internetworking, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalhousie University,The Department of Engineering Mathematics and Internetworking,Halifax,NS,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Engineering Mathematics and Internetworking, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076483141","display_name":"Kamal El\u2010Sankary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8104-6913"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129902397","display_name":"Dalhousie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01e6qks80","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kamal El-Sankary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dalhousie University,The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Halifax,NS,Canada","The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalhousie University,The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Halifax,NS,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010340252","display_name":"Jason Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7626-1077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129902397","display_name":"Dalhousie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01e6qks80","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dalhousie University,The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Halifax,NS,Canada","The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dalhousie University,The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Halifax,NS,Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129902397"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13076392,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.8293918967247009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7507786750793457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adder","display_name":"Adder","score":0.6741365790367126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplication","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","score":0.6496152877807617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rounding","display_name":"Rounding","score":0.59844970703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sorting","display_name":"Sorting","score":0.5885399580001831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5576051473617554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subtractor","display_name":"Subtractor","score":0.49586471915245056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.494716614484787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolution","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","score":0.4740695059299469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subtraction","display_name":"Subtraction","score":0.4689865708351135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.444012850522995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.43931061029434204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4273204207420349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.39308807253837585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.37638604640960693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.33621060848236084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3124659061431885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.25242722034454346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.13669165968894958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.131415456533432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.8293918967247009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7507786750793457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164620267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376953","display_name":"Adder","level":3,"score":0.6741365790367126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780595030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3860309","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","level":2,"score":0.6496152877807617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136625980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663208","display_name":"Rounding","level":2,"score":0.59844970703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111696304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2303697","display_name":"Sorting","level":2,"score":0.5885399580001831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5576051473617554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187805909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142401","display_name":"Subtractor","level":4,"score":0.49586471915245056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.494716614484787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.4740695059299469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68060419","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40754","display_name":"Subtraction","level":2,"score":0.4689865708351135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.444012850522995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.43931061029434204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4273204207420349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.39308807253837585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.37638604640960693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.33621060848236084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3124659061431885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.25242722034454346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.13669165968894958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.131415456533432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccece58730.2023.10288852","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccece58730.2023.10288852","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2161381512","https://openalex.org/W2540811305","https://openalex.org/W2570467259","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2763874937","https://openalex.org/W2789572825","https://openalex.org/W2801492038","https://openalex.org/W2897792138","https://openalex.org/W2943925420","https://openalex.org/W2987129023","https://openalex.org/W2997288154","https://openalex.org/W3011652433","https://openalex.org/W3021906994","https://openalex.org/W3035965352","https://openalex.org/W3096694827","https://openalex.org/W3099878876","https://openalex.org/W3118604775","https://openalex.org/W3121369352","https://openalex.org/W3169932400","https://openalex.org/W3171221190","https://openalex.org/W3190897386","https://openalex.org/W4205089003","https://openalex.org/W4295312788","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6796455882"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386603768","https://openalex.org/W2541509322","https://openalex.org/W2959321197","https://openalex.org/W4206835326","https://openalex.org/W2782079150","https://openalex.org/W56589247","https://openalex.org/W2767671766","https://openalex.org/W3037505396","https://openalex.org/W2129868416","https://openalex.org/W4388911419"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,48,75,109,131],"novel":[4],"method":[5,86],"to":[6,32],"boost":[7,77],"the":[8,28,38,58,80,90,93,97,104,119,122,135,138],"performance":[9,76,94],"of":[10,40,61,65,106,112,140,145],"CNN":[11,19],"inference":[12],"accelerators":[13],"by":[14,47,78,115],"utilizing":[15,116],"subtractors.":[16,107],"The":[17,84],"proposed":[18,85,123],"preprocessing":[20],"accelerator":[21],"relies":[22],"on":[23],"sorting,":[24],"grouping,":[25],"and":[26,44,67,82,96,114,130],"rounding":[27,110],"weights":[29],"in":[30,63,134,143],"order":[31],"create":[33],"combinations":[34],"that":[35],"allow":[36],"for":[37,74,88],"replacement":[39],"one":[41],"multiplication":[42,62],"operation":[43,46,51],"addition":[45],"single":[49],"subtraction":[50,72],"when":[52],"applying":[53],"convolution":[54],"during":[55],"inference.":[56],"Given":[57],"high":[59],"cost":[60,139],"terms":[64,144],"power":[66,81,128],"area,":[68],"replacing":[69],"it":[70],"with":[71,118],"allows":[73,87],"reducing":[79],"area.":[83],"controlling":[89],"trade-off":[91],"between":[92],"gains":[95],"accuracy":[98,146],"loss":[99],"through":[100],"increasing":[101],"or":[102],"decreasing":[103],"usage":[105],"Using":[108],"size":[111],"0.05":[113],"LeNet-5":[117],"MNIST":[120],"dataset,":[121],"design":[124],"can":[125],"achieve":[126],"32.03%":[127],"savings":[129],"24.59%":[132],"reduction":[133],"area":[136],"at":[137],"only":[141],"0.1%":[142],"loss.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
