{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2134439947","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccece.2009.5090171","title":"Analysis of stand-alone GPS for relative location discovery in wireless sensor networks","display_name":"Analysis of stand-alone GPS for relative location discovery in wireless sensor networks","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2134439947","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccece.2009.5090171","mag":"2134439947"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccece.2009.5090171","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccece.2009.5090171","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101652170","display_name":"Yifeng Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6980-147X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151552","display_name":"Communications Research Centre Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/05dybt340","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151552"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Y. Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communications Rcscarch Centre, Canada","Communications Research Centre Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communications Rcscarch Centre, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151552"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communications Research Centre Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151552"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023894579","display_name":"Jeremy Schembri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151552","display_name":"Communications Research Centre Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/05dybt340","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151552"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Schembri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communications Rcscarch Centre, Canada","Communications Research Centre Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communications Rcscarch Centre, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151552"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communications Research Centre Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151552"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112086140","display_name":"Louise Lamont","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151552","display_name":"Communications Research Centre Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/05dybt340","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151552"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Lamont","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communications Rcscarch Centre, Canada","Communications Research Centre Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communications Rcscarch Centre, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151552"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communications Research Centre Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151552"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015364760","display_name":"Jeff Bird","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297460800","display_name":"Defence Research and Development Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/00hgy8d33","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297460800","https://openalex.org/I1336338359","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Bird","raw_affiliation_strings":["Defence Research and Development Canada, Canada","Defence R&D Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Defence Research and Development Canada, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297460800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Defence R&D Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297460800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"437","last_page":"441"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12879","display_name":"Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms","score":0.9876000285148621,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.8989422917366028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.7620545625686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6517186164855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.5533376932144165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5282827019691467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5053232312202454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assisted-gps","display_name":"Assisted GPS","score":0.4286584258079529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-node","display_name":"Sensor node","score":0.4269629120826721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.4066081643104553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-distribution-in-wireless-sensor-networks","display_name":"Key distribution in wireless sensor networks","score":0.33607012033462524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.21436473727226257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15752851963043213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13622021675109863}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.8989422917366028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.7620545625686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6517186164855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5533376932144165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5282827019691467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5053232312202454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198613851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q432394","display_name":"Assisted GPS","level":3,"score":0.4286584258079529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111185680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3866206","display_name":"Sensor node","level":5,"score":0.4269629120826721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.4066081643104553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41971633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398155","display_name":"Key distribution in wireless sensor networks","level":4,"score":0.33607012033462524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.21436473727226257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15752851963043213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13622021675109863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccece.2009.5090171","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccece.2009.5090171","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W360528349","https://openalex.org/W1261855544","https://openalex.org/W1486476160","https://openalex.org/W1498873563","https://openalex.org/W1620680570","https://openalex.org/W2006805041","https://openalex.org/W2038166203","https://openalex.org/W2081082468","https://openalex.org/W2083942221","https://openalex.org/W2094694151","https://openalex.org/W2096007955","https://openalex.org/W2130403046","https://openalex.org/W2130420190","https://openalex.org/W2132639726","https://openalex.org/W2154020241","https://openalex.org/W3134772976","https://openalex.org/W4241492945","https://openalex.org/W6682627182"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2805505483","https://openalex.org/W2515847838","https://openalex.org/W2586280620","https://openalex.org/W2126904819","https://openalex.org/W565898267","https://openalex.org/W2199103283","https://openalex.org/W2391884925","https://openalex.org/W2141773077","https://openalex.org/W2168956667","https://openalex.org/W659464456"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"use":[4],"experiments":[5],"to":[6,39,123],"examine":[7],"the":[8,53,68,87,92,97,107,125,131,137,145],"accuracy":[9],"of":[10,31,67,72,109,130,147],"standalone":[11],"Global":[12],"positioning":[13,55],"System":[14],"(GPS)":[15],"for":[16],"relative":[17,25,54,133],"location":[18],"discovery":[19],"in":[20,52,154],"wireless":[21,73,155],"sensor":[22,59,74,80,93,156],"networks.":[23,157],"The":[24,77,102],"locations":[26,82],"are":[27,62,65,83,142],"obtained":[28,117],"by":[29,85],"comparison":[30],"stand-alone":[32,43,148],"global":[33],"GPS":[34,44,48,132,149],"position":[35],"fixes.":[36],"We":[37],"seek":[38],"find":[40],"out":[41],"if":[42],"measurements":[45],"from":[46],"inexpensive":[47],"receivers":[49],"can":[50],"result":[51],"accuracies":[56],"desired.":[57],"Various":[58],"deployment":[60],"scenarios":[61],"used":[63],"that":[64],"representative":[66],"real":[69],"operational":[70],"conditions":[71],"network":[75],"applications.":[76],"ground":[78],"truth":[79],"node":[81,94],"estimated":[84],"measuring":[86],"internode":[88],"distances":[89],"between":[90],"all":[91],"and":[95,140],"applying":[96],"multidimensional":[98],"Scaling":[99],"(MDS)":[100],"technique.":[101],"analysis":[103],"is":[104,116],"based":[105],"on":[106,136],"approach":[108],"Procrustes":[110],"analysis.":[111],"An":[112],"optimal":[113],"rigid":[114],"transformation":[115],"using":[118],"a":[119,151],"least":[120],"squares":[121],"method":[122],"estimate":[124],"root":[126],"mean":[127],"square":[128],"errors":[129],"positions.":[134],"Based":[135],"results,":[138],"conclusions":[139],"discussions":[141],"made":[143],"about":[144],"suitability":[146],"as":[150],"localization":[152],"tool":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}