{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3210114264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccci52664.2021.9583214","title":"tCLD-Net: A Transfer Learning Internet Encrypted Traffic Classification Scheme Based on Convolution Neural Network and Long Short-Term Memory Network","display_name":"tCLD-Net: A Transfer Learning Internet Encrypted Traffic Classification Scheme Based on Convolution Neural Network and Long Short-Term Memory Network","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3210114264","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccci52664.2021.9583214","mag":"3210114264"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccci52664.2021.9583214","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccci52664.2021.9583214","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 International Conference on Communications, Computing, Cybersecurity, and Informatics (CCCI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004908753","display_name":"Xinyi Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5846-1454"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xinyi Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Key Laboratory of Network Cryptography Technology, Zhengzhou, China","State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Key Laboratory of Network Cryptography Technology, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100763293","display_name":"Chunxiang Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3860-1939"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunxiang Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Key Laboratory of Network Cryptography Technology, Zhengzhou, China","State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Key Laboratory of Network Cryptography Technology, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107062832","display_name":"Yihang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0957-2064"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yihang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013264576","display_name":"Fushan Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2790-7254"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fushan Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Key Laboratory of Network Cryptography Technology, Zhengzhou, China","State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Key Laboratory of Network Cryptography Technology, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mathematical Engineering and Advanced Computing, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004908753"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6999,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76830745,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8071119785308838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.7431455850601196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-classification","display_name":"Traffic classification","score":0.6069085001945496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5976078510284424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5928666591644287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.505486011505127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.4979212284088135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.483748197555542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4804101288318634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4697953462600708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-traffic","display_name":"Internet traffic","score":0.45138978958129883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.44191503524780273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4231681823730469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.4184415936470032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2435145378112793}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8071119785308838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.7431455850601196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169988225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832484","display_name":"Traffic classification","level":3,"score":0.6069085001945496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5976078510284424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5928666591644287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.505486011505127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.4979212284088135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.483748197555542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4804101288318634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4697953462600708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63969886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3536440","display_name":"Internet traffic","level":3,"score":0.45138978958129883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.44191503524780273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4231681823730469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.4184415936470032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2435145378112793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccci52664.2021.9583214","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccci52664.2021.9583214","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 International Conference on Communications, Computing, Cybersecurity, and Informatics (CCCI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2077488147","https://openalex.org/W2122838776","https://openalex.org/W2343828539","https://openalex.org/W2792186710","https://openalex.org/W2891570868","https://openalex.org/W2902830044","https://openalex.org/W2962608904","https://openalex.org/W2981318525","https://openalex.org/W3045474099","https://openalex.org/W3128708983","https://openalex.org/W3161586423","https://openalex.org/W3176096468","https://openalex.org/W6790642833","https://openalex.org/W6795756843"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2179036394","https://openalex.org/W4206905835","https://openalex.org/W2613715541","https://openalex.org/W2547456248","https://openalex.org/W4312241727","https://openalex.org/W3036573907","https://openalex.org/W4384946034","https://openalex.org/W2567120387","https://openalex.org/W2554395890","https://openalex.org/W158006909"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,173],"Internet":[1],"is":[2,37,208,220],"about":[3,205],"to":[4,22,60,110,155,170],"enter":[5],"the":[6,24,40,55,125,132,135,148,157,160,165,189,196,212,217,225],"era":[7],"of":[8,27,39,58,80,107,134,159,195,224],"full":[9],"encryption.":[10],"Traditional":[11],"traffic":[12,30,65,114],"classification":[13,47,66,202],"methods":[14],"only":[15,192,221],"work":[16],"well":[17],"in":[18,31,124,140,147,185],"non-encrypted":[19],"environments.":[20],"How":[21],"identify":[23],"specific":[25],"types":[26],"network":[28,112,138],"encrypted":[29,33,113],"an":[32],"environment":[34],"without":[35,214,227],"decryption":[36],"one":[38,222],"foundations":[41],"for":[42,83],"maintaining":[43],"cyberspace":[44],"security.":[45],"Traffic":[46],"based":[48,67],"on":[49,54,68,103],"machine":[50],"learning":[51,70,95],"relies":[52],"heavily":[53],"prior":[56],"knowledge":[57],"experts":[59],"construct":[61],"feature":[62],"sets.":[63],"Although":[64],"deep":[69,97],"can":[71,100,180],"reduce":[72],"human":[73],"intervention,":[74],"it":[75,146],"requires":[76],"a":[77,89,104,116,121,201],"large":[78],"amount":[79,106],"labeled":[81,108],"data":[82,109,128,151,168],"parameter":[84],"determination.":[85],"This":[86,207],"paper":[87],"proposes":[88],"tCLD-Net":[90,161],"model":[91,123,179,213,226],"that":[92,176],"combines":[93],"transfer":[94],"and":[96,130,142,144,216],"learning.":[98],"It":[99,119],"be":[101],"trained":[102],"small":[105],"distinguish":[111],"with":[115],"high":[117],"accuracy.":[118],"pre-trains":[120],"CLD-Net":[122],"source":[126],"domain":[127,150],"set,":[129],"fixes":[131],"parameters":[133],"convolutional":[136],"neural":[137],"module":[139],"it,":[141],"trains":[143],"tests":[145],"target":[149,197],"set.":[152],"In":[153],"order":[154],"verify":[156],"effectiveness":[158],"model,":[162],"we":[163],"use":[164],"ISCX":[166],"public":[167],"set":[169,191],"conduct":[171],"experiments.":[172],"results":[174],"show":[175],"our":[177],"proposed":[178],"complete":[181],"100":[182],"epoches":[183],"training":[184,190,218],"208":[186],"seconds":[187],"when":[188],"occupies":[193],"20%":[194],"domain.":[198],"And":[199],"achieve":[200],"accuracy":[203],"rate":[204],"86%.":[206],"4%":[209],"higher":[210],"than":[211],"pre-training,":[215],"time":[219],"third":[223],"pre-training.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-31T07:56:22.981413","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
