{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2121102569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cca.2011.6044408","title":"Closed loop optimal load control with application to microgrid load design","display_name":"Closed loop optimal load control with application to microgrid load design","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2121102569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cca.2011.6044408","mag":"2121102569"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cca.2011.6044408","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cca.2011.6044408","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications (CCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112442324","display_name":"Matthew J. Heath","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11957088","display_name":"Michigan Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/0036rpn28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Heath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA","Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068242131","display_name":"Gordon G. Parker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8503-6624"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11957088","display_name":"Michigan Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/0036rpn28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gordon Parker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA","Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090741430","display_name":"David G. Wilson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8307-925X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David G. Wilson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Power Technologies Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA","Water Power Technologies Department , Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque , NM , 87185 , USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Power Technologies Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Water Power Technologies Department , Sandia National Laboratories , Albuquerque , NM , 87185 , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049348793","display_name":"Rush D. Robinett","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1894-4857"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104735","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rush D. Robinett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Operational Energy Security Group, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA","Operational Energy Security Group, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Operational Energy Security Group, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Operational Energy Security Group, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112442324"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6564,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7794527,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"877","last_page":"880"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10175","display_name":"Advanced DC-DC Converters","score":0.9869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microgrid","display_name":"Microgrid","score":0.8182944059371948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.640347957611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5874971151351929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-storage","display_name":"Energy storage","score":0.5585814118385315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.5424604415893555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dissipation","display_name":"Dissipation","score":0.5321128964424133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-regulation","display_name":"Load regulation","score":0.5236760973930359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimal-control","display_name":"Optimal control","score":0.5146852135658264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.503640353679657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fossil-fuel","display_name":"Fossil fuel","score":0.495823472738266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.49012383818626404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-following-power-plant","display_name":"Load following power plant","score":0.48635512590408325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.4393618404865265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-balancing","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","score":0.42751437425613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.40297776460647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3833475410938263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3386666178703308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-load-power-plant","display_name":"Base load power plant","score":0.2899961471557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-generation","display_name":"Distributed generation","score":0.27015233039855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2092578411102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.17587688565254211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1651535928249359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09767362475395203}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595","display_name":"Microgrid","level":3,"score":0.8182944059371948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.640347957611084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5874971151351929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.5585814118385315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.5424604415893555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135402231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898440","display_name":"Dissipation","level":2,"score":0.5321128964424133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776098794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6663315","display_name":"Load regulation","level":3,"score":0.5236760973930359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91575142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971426","display_name":"Optimal control","level":2,"score":0.5146852135658264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.503640353679657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68189081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12748","display_name":"Fossil fuel","level":2,"score":0.495823472738266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.49012383818626404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56624250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6663309","display_name":"Load following power plant","level":5,"score":0.48635512590408325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4393618404865265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.42751437425613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.40297776460647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3833475410938263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3386666178703308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123153844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360897","display_name":"Base load power plant","level":4,"score":0.2899961471557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.27015233039855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2092578411102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.17587688565254211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1651535928249359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09767362475395203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cca.2011.6044408","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cca.2011.6044408","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications (CCA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.mtu.edu:michigantech-p-3199","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/michigantech-p/2209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196391","display_name":"Digital Commons - Michigan Tech (Michigan Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I11957088","host_organization_name":"Michigan Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8799999952316284,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311652","display_name":"Michigan Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/0036rpn28"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332369","display_name":"National Nuclear Security Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/03sk1we31"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1761377724","https://openalex.org/W2076420009","https://openalex.org/W2101901392","https://openalex.org/W2313564472"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293777059","https://openalex.org/W2792629212","https://openalex.org/W4214837493","https://openalex.org/W4312377511","https://openalex.org/W1985927719","https://openalex.org/W2135893796","https://openalex.org/W2904528988","https://openalex.org/W2392784398","https://openalex.org/W2390309885","https://openalex.org/W2364693457"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Microgrids":[0],"are":[1,81,89],"envisioned":[2],"to":[3,10,104],"contain":[4],"several":[5],"interconnected":[6],"sources":[7],"supplying":[8],"power":[9,74],"multiple":[11],"loads.":[12],"While":[13],"many":[14],"technologies":[15],"may":[16],"be":[17,30,64],"used":[18,103],"for":[19,45,108],"generation,":[20],"such":[21],"as":[22,66],"fossil":[23],"fuels":[24],"or":[25],"renewable,":[26],"there":[27],"will":[28,63],"likely":[29],"some":[31],"amount":[32],"of":[33,38,69,92,95],"storage":[34],"capacity.":[35],"Efficient":[36],"use":[37],"the":[39,43,78,85,93,96,106,110,116],"stored":[40,118],"energy":[41,70],"is":[42,102],"motivation":[44],"this":[46],"work.":[47],"This":[48],"paper":[49],"focuses":[50],"on":[51],"developing":[52,109],"closed":[53],"loop":[54],"control":[55,79],"laws":[56,80],"that":[57,113],"define":[58],"optimal":[59,86,111],"load":[60,87,112],"forms.":[61],"Optimal":[62],"defined":[65],"a":[67],"combination":[68],"dissipation":[71],"rate":[72],"and":[73,83],"flow.":[75],"In":[76],"general,":[77],"nonlinear":[82,90],"thus":[84],"forms":[88],"functions":[91],"states":[94],"network,":[97],"A":[98],"tutorial":[99],"LC":[100],"circuit":[101],"illustrate":[105],"method":[107],"efficiently":[114],"uses":[115],"available":[117],"energy.":[119]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
