{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393242458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/camad59638.2023.10478423","title":"Blockchain-enabled Clustered and Scalable Federated Learning (BCS-FL) Framework in UAV Networks","display_name":"Blockchain-enabled Clustered and Scalable Federated Learning (BCS-FL) Framework in UAV Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393242458","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/camad59638.2023.10478423"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/camad59638.2023.10478423","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/camad59638.2023.10478423","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 28th International Workshop on Computer Aided Modeling and Design of Communication Links and Networks (CAMAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/307929/2/307929.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103062288","display_name":"Sana Hafeez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4769-4284"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sana Hafeez","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow,James Watt School of Engineering,Glasgow,United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow,James Watt School of Engineering,Glasgow,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012993478","display_name":"Lina Mohjazi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4866-1997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lina Mohjazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow,James Watt School of Engineering,Glasgow,United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow,James Watt School of Engineering,Glasgow,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100331811","display_name":"Muhammad Ali Imran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4743-9136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ali Imran","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow,James Watt School of Engineering,Glasgow,United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow,James Watt School of Engineering,Glasgow,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054764710","display_name":"Yao Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4391-377X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow,James Watt School of Engineering,Glasgow,United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow,James Watt School of Engineering,Glasgow,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103062288"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.7895,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95755632,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"68","last_page":"73"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.9314790964126587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.8162387609481812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7443631887435913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4587957561016083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.33576762676239014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.23004108667373657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.19985279440879822}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.9314790964126587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.8162387609481812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7443631887435913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4587957561016083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.33576762676239014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.23004108667373657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.19985279440879822}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/camad59638.2023.10478423","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/camad59638.2023.10478423","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 28th International Workshop on Computer Aided Modeling and Design of Communication Links and Networks (CAMAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:307929","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/68921.html>,","pdf_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/307929/2/307929.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:307929","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/68921.html>,","pdf_url":"https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/307929/2/307929.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393242458.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3111358184","https://openalex.org/W3194291390","https://openalex.org/W4220970388","https://openalex.org/W4226129056","https://openalex.org/W4285356361","https://openalex.org/W4312529499","https://openalex.org/W4316506832","https://openalex.org/W4321608017","https://openalex.org/W4323338515","https://openalex.org/W4360996897","https://openalex.org/W4368372298","https://openalex.org/W4384161756","https://openalex.org/W6862538342"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4388131927","https://openalex.org/W1982914007","https://openalex.org/W2159583675","https://openalex.org/W1824242903","https://openalex.org/W1493858311","https://openalex.org/W2155470929","https://openalex.org/W2394465510","https://openalex.org/W2111125783"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Privacy,":[0],"scalability,":[1,95],"and":[2,42,68,81,96,136,151,174],"reliability":[3],"are":[4],"significant":[5],"challenges":[6],"in":[7,100],"unmanned":[8],"aerial":[9],"vehicle":[10],"(UAV)":[11],"networks":[12,36,57,108],"as":[13,61],"distributed":[14],"systems,":[15],"especially":[16],"when":[17],"employing":[18],"machine":[19],"learning":[20,32],"(ML)":[21],"technologies":[22],"with":[23],"substantial":[24],"data":[25],"exchange.":[26],"Recently,":[27],"the":[28,78,92,130,142,160,167,170],"application":[29],"of":[30,98,127,162,172],"federated":[31],"(FL)":[33],"to":[34,118,129],"UAV":[35,50,56,88,102,107],"has":[37],"improved":[38],"collaboration,":[39],"privacy,":[40],"resilience,":[41],"adaptability,":[43],"making":[44],"it":[45],"a":[46,120],"promising":[47],"framework":[48,86,105],"for":[49,55,87],"applications.":[51],"However,":[52],"implementing":[53],"FL":[54,99],"introduces":[58],"drawbacks":[59],"such":[60],"communication":[62,175],"overhead,":[63],"synchronization":[64],"issues,":[65],"scalability":[66],"limitations,":[67],"resource":[69],"constraints.":[70],"To":[71],"address":[72],"these":[73],"challenges,":[74],"this":[75],"paper":[76],"presents":[77],"Blockchain-enabled":[79],"Clustered":[80],"Scalable":[82],"Federated":[83],"Learning":[84],"(BCS-FL)":[85],"networks.":[89,103],"This":[90],"improves":[91],"decentralization,":[93],"coordination,":[94],"efficiency":[97],"large-scale":[101],"The":[104,156],"partitions":[106],"into":[109],"separate":[110],"clusters,":[111],"coordinated":[112],"by":[113],"cluster":[114],"head":[115],"UAVs":[116],"(CHs),":[117],"establish":[119],"connected":[121],"graph.":[122],"Clustering":[123],"enables":[124],"efficient":[125],"coordination":[126],"updates":[128],"ML":[131],"model.":[132],"Additionally,":[133],"hybrid":[134],"inter-cluster":[135],"intra-cluster":[137],"model":[138,144],"aggregation":[139],"schemes":[140],"generate":[141],"global":[143],"after":[145],"each":[146],"training":[147,173],"round,":[148],"improving":[149],"collaboration":[150],"knowledge":[152],"sharing":[153],"among":[154],"clusters.":[155],"numerical":[157],"findings":[158],"illustrate":[159],"achievement":[161],"convergence":[163],"while":[164],"also":[165],"emphasizing":[166],"trade-offs":[168],"between":[169],"effectiveness":[171],"efficiency.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}