{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2564308420","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/camad.2016.7790324","title":"Q-learning enhanced gradient based routing for balancing energy consumption in WSNs","display_name":"Q-learning enhanced gradient based routing for balancing energy consumption in WSNs","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2564308420","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/camad.2016.7790324","mag":"2564308420"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/camad.2016.7790324","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/camad.2016.7790324","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 IEEE 21st International Workshop on Computer Aided Modelling and Design of Communication Links and Networks (CAMAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082487837","display_name":"Debowski Bazyli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79817857","display_name":"University of Guelph","ror":"https://ror.org/01r7awg59","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bazyli Debowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011752471","display_name":"Petros Spachos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8004-0907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79817857","display_name":"University of Guelph","ror":"https://ror.org/01r7awg59","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Petros Spachos","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011873620","display_name":"Shawki Areibi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4832-0911"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79817857","display_name":"University of Guelph","ror":"https://ror.org/01r7awg59","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shawki Areibi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082487837"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5513,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72397205,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7637078762054443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.7452999353408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.6820957660675049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6324912309646606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.5880493521690369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5731196999549866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5401370525360107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.5306289196014404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.4353214502334595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zone-routing-protocol","display_name":"Zone Routing Protocol","score":0.43501344323158264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.41702800989151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/link-state-routing-protocol","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","score":0.30599719285964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11087417602539062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09516391158103943}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7637078762054443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.7452999353408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.6820957660675049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6324912309646606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.5880493521690369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5731196999549866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5401370525360107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5306289196014404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4353214502334595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189884158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8073926","display_name":"Zone Routing Protocol","level":5,"score":0.43501344323158264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.41702800989151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89305328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","level":4,"score":0.30599719285964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11087417602539062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09516391158103943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/camad.2016.7790324","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/camad.2016.7790324","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 IEEE 21st International Workshop on Computer Aided Modelling and Design of Communication Links and Networks (CAMAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8899999856948853,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32403112","https://openalex.org/W2130509337","https://openalex.org/W2135548999","https://openalex.org/W2142339046","https://openalex.org/W2156666755","https://openalex.org/W2161326204","https://openalex.org/W2532589578","https://openalex.org/W6682459407"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2923295664","https://openalex.org/W2543936869","https://openalex.org/W2126842185","https://openalex.org/W2051592939","https://openalex.org/W2055056424","https://openalex.org/W2884568852","https://openalex.org/W1972673736","https://openalex.org/W2546592407","https://openalex.org/W3022598921","https://openalex.org/W1997350652"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Energy":[0],"is":[1,53],"a":[2,57,73,89,95],"sparse":[3],"and":[4,15,21,27,64],"valuable":[5],"resource":[6],"in":[7,42,72,124],"Wireless":[8],"Sensor":[9],"Networks":[10],"(WSNs).":[11],"Using":[12],"it":[13],"efficiently":[14],"effectively":[16],"can":[17],"mean":[18],"longer":[19],"node":[20,70],"network":[22,46,106,114],"lifetimes":[23],"with":[24],"less":[25],"reliance":[26],"strain":[28],"on":[29,38,109],"energy":[30,40,71],"harvesting":[31],"components.":[32],"In":[33],"this":[34],"work":[35],"we":[36],"focus":[37],"optimizing":[39],"consumption":[41],"WSNs":[43],"at":[44],"the":[45,110,113,117,127],"layer.":[47],"A":[48],"gradient":[49,85],"based":[50,86],"routing":[51],"protocol":[52,79,120],"proposed,":[54],"that":[55],"integrates":[56],"Reinforcement":[58],"Learning":[59],"(RL)":[60],"component":[61],"to":[62,126],"learn":[63],"seek":[65],"out":[66],"routes":[67],"which":[68],"deplete":[69],"balanced":[74],"manner.":[75],"This":[76],"RL":[77,118],"enhanced":[78,119],"was":[80,121,134],"compared":[81],"against":[82],"three":[83],"other":[84],"protocols,":[87],"including":[88],"greedy,":[90],"shortest-paths":[91],"variation":[92],"serving":[93],"as":[94],"baseline.":[96],"All":[97],"protocols":[98],"were":[99],"simulated":[100],"under":[101],"conditions":[102],"of":[103,116],"heavily":[104],"imbalanced":[105],"load.":[107],"Based":[108],"simulation":[111],"results,":[112],"lifetime":[115],"nearly":[122],"doubled":[123],"comparison":[125],"baseline":[128],"protocol,":[129],"while":[130],"average":[131],"packet":[132],"delay":[133],"significantly":[135],"reduced.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}