{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2284489143","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/camad.2015.7390483","title":"Throughput and backhaul energy efficiency analysis in two-tier HetNets: A multiobjective approach","display_name":"Throughput and backhaul energy efficiency analysis in two-tier HetNets: A multiobjective approach","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2284489143","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/camad.2015.7390483","mag":"2284489143"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/camad.2015.7390483","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/camad.2015.7390483","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE 20th International Workshop on Computer Aided Modelling and Design of Communication Links and Networks (CAMAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/76757/4/1570157947_1_.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044005980","display_name":"Haris Pervaiz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8364-4682"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haris Pervaiz","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048884620","display_name":"Zhengyu Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5959-0891"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengyu Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016462759","display_name":"Leila Musavian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5276-1157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leila Musavian","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069951778","display_name":"Qiang Ni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-1656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster University, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057308968","display_name":"Xiaohu Ge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3204-5241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohu Ge","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4118,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57131221,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"69","last_page":"74"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11409","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Network Optimization","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macrocell","display_name":"Macrocell","score":0.8544672727584839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7270091772079468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backhaul","display_name":"Backhaul (telecommunications)","score":0.6978746056556702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.5678589344024658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subgradient-method","display_name":"Subgradient method","score":0.5657448768615723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.5133511424064636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.49504366517066956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.46018773317337036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.45529794692993164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-network","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","score":0.44736480712890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-objective-optimization","display_name":"Multi-objective optimization","score":0.42592817544937134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter-power-output","display_name":"Transmitter power output","score":0.4144539535045624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4065975546836853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.35621702671051025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.33298301696777344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.19697025418281555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.17171615362167358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.11474454402923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10861283540725708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.0849655270576477}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778291847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1163937","display_name":"Macrocell","level":3,"score":0.8544672727584839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7270091772079468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103760667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798444","display_name":"Backhaul (telecommunications)","level":3,"score":0.6978746056556702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.5678589344024658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158968445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7631150","display_name":"Subgradient method","level":2,"score":0.5657448768615723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5133511424064636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.49504366517066956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.46018773317337036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.45529794692993164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158207573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","level":4,"score":0.44736480712890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68781425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2052203","display_name":"Multi-objective optimization","level":2,"score":0.42592817544937134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.4144539535045624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4065975546836853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.35621702671051025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.33298301696777344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.19697025418281555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.17171615362167358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.11474454402923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10861283540725708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0849655270576477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/camad.2015.7390483","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/camad.2015.7390483","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 IEEE 20th International Workshop on Computer Aided Modelling and Design of Communication Links and Networks (CAMAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lancs.ac.uk:76757","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/76757/4/1570157947_1_.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401916","display_name":"Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","host_organization_name":"Lancaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Contribution in Book/Report/Proceedings"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.essex.ac.uk:18940","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.essex.ac.uk/18940/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401236","display_name":"Open Access at Essex (University of Essex)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","host_organization_name":"University of Essex","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lancs.ac.uk:76757","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/76757/4/1570157947_1_.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401916","display_name":"Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","host_organization_name":"Lancaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Contribution in Book/Report/Proceedings"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2335177755","display_name":"Cognitive Resource Scheduling Designs Towards Green Wireless Systems","funder_award_id":"EP/K011693/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4041996909","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/K011693/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5068943091","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PIRSES-GA-2013-610524","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2284489143.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2284489143.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1572171329","https://openalex.org/W1953159635","https://openalex.org/W1997188340","https://openalex.org/W2010630450","https://openalex.org/W2016043591","https://openalex.org/W2035535653","https://openalex.org/W2046841365","https://openalex.org/W2059867700","https://openalex.org/W2087646476","https://openalex.org/W2088671530","https://openalex.org/W2130034407","https://openalex.org/W2140847480","https://openalex.org/W2161272050","https://openalex.org/W2162986857","https://openalex.org/W2494022718","https://openalex.org/W6659695633","https://openalex.org/W7009619488"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2471056021","https://openalex.org/W2350732248","https://openalex.org/W568081520","https://openalex.org/W2794077711","https://openalex.org/W2354270559","https://openalex.org/W4376117215","https://openalex.org/W2773201685","https://openalex.org/W2887526653","https://openalex.org/W2094293617","https://openalex.org/W2169294228"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fifth":[0],"Generation":[1],"(5G)":[2],"networks":[3,8],"will":[4],"compromise":[5],"of":[6,69,135,147],"heterogeneous":[7],"(HetNets)":[9],"with":[10,13,25,99,122],"macrocell":[11,29],"overlaid":[12],"lower":[14],"power":[15,144],"small":[16,32],"cells":[17],"to":[18,30,44,91],"achieve":[19],"higher":[20],"throughput":[21,50,171],"by":[22,151],"offloading":[23],"users":[24],"low":[26],"signal-to-noise-ratio":[27],"from":[28],"the":[31,47,76,87,93,133,141,148,167],"cells.":[33],"In":[34],"this":[35],"paper,":[36],"we":[37],"proposed":[38,77,137],"a":[39,70,80,123,127],"multi-objective":[40],"optimization":[41,83],"problem":[42,84],"(MOP)":[43],"jointly":[45],"investigate":[46],"tradeoff":[48,169],"between":[49,170],"and":[51,103,157,172,182],"backhaul":[52],"energy":[53],"efficiency":[54],"(BEE)":[55],"using":[56,117],"\u03c9-fair":[57],"utility":[58],"function":[59],"for":[60,174],"two":[61],"different":[62,175],"backhauling":[63,149],"technologies":[64],"in":[65,113,139],"downlink":[66],"transmission":[67],"scheme":[68],"two-tier":[71],"HetNets.":[72],"We":[73],"then":[74],"transform":[75],"MOP":[78],"into":[79],"single":[81],"objective":[82],"(SOP)":[85],"employing":[86],"weighted":[88],"sum":[89],"method":[90,125],"obtain":[92],"complete":[94],"Pareto":[95],"Frontier":[96],"solution":[97],"set":[98],"minimum":[100],"QoS":[101],"requirements":[102],"rate":[104,158,183],"fairness":[105,159,184],"level":[106,160,185],"\u03c9.":[107,161,186],"The":[108],"transformed":[109],"SOP":[110],"is":[111],"solved":[112],"an":[114],"iterative":[115],"manner":[116],"Lagrangian":[118],"Dual":[119],"Decomposition":[120],"(LDD)":[121],"subgradient":[124],"providing":[126],"near-optimal":[128],"solution.":[129],"Simulation":[130],"results":[131,164],"demonstrate":[132,166],"effectiveness":[134],"our":[136],"approach":[138],"reducing":[140],"total":[142],"area":[143],"consumption":[145],"irrespective":[146],"technology":[150],"dynamically":[152],"adjusting":[153],"weighting":[154,179],"coefficient":[155,180],"\u03b1":[156,181],"Our":[162],"numerical":[163],"also":[165],"fundamental":[168],"BEE":[173],"parameters":[176],"such":[177],"as":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
