{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2917061593","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cahpc.2018.8645918","title":"Online Detection of Spectre Attacks Using Microarchitectural Traces from Performance Counters","display_name":"Online Detection of Spectre Attacks Using Microarchitectural Traces from Performance Counters","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2917061593","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cahpc.2018.8645918","mag":"2917061593"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cahpc.2018.8645918","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cahpc.2018.8645918","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 30th International Symposium on Computer Architecture and High Performance Computing (SBAC-PAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028038993","display_name":"Congmiao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2969-4125"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Congmiao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019948826","display_name":"Jean\u2010Luc Gaudiot","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9164-8731"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204250578","display_name":"University of California, Irvine","ror":"https://ror.org/04gyf1771","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean-Luc Gaudiot","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028038993"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204250578"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2579,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93781634,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"25","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8514050245285034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache","display_name":"Cache","score":0.731546938419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/branch-predictor","display_name":"Branch predictor","score":0.7108204364776611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microarchitecture","display_name":"Microarchitecture","score":0.6708546876907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-paradox","display_name":"False positive paradox","score":0.6660079956054688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.6597957015037537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.546777606010437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5402732491493225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.5088889598846436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speculative-execution","display_name":"Speculative execution","score":0.492966890335083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timing-attack","display_name":"Timing attack","score":0.4621051251888275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4577438235282898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.34402239322662354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.27352476119995117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10923945903778076}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8514050245285034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115537543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165596","display_name":"Cache","level":2,"score":0.731546938419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168522837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679552","display_name":"Branch predictor","level":2,"score":0.7108204364776611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107598950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q259864","display_name":"Microarchitecture","level":2,"score":0.6708546876907349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.6660079956054688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.6597957015037537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.546777606010437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5402732491493225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.5088889598846436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141331961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2164465","display_name":"Speculative execution","level":2,"score":0.492966890335083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28420585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665075","display_name":"Timing attack","level":4,"score":0.4621051251888275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4577438235282898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.34402239322662354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.27352476119995117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10923945903778076}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cahpc.2018.8645918","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cahpc.2018.8645918","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 30th International Symposium on Computer Architecture and High Performance Computing (SBAC-PAD)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1427174644","https://openalex.org/W1488058190","https://openalex.org/W1499791368","https://openalex.org/W1934458198","https://openalex.org/W2101924284","https://openalex.org/W2131019288","https://openalex.org/W2166844173","https://openalex.org/W2550858797","https://openalex.org/W2564856904","https://openalex.org/W2664885055","https://openalex.org/W2896596099","https://openalex.org/W2950168363","https://openalex.org/W2963311060","https://openalex.org/W3030182770","https://openalex.org/W4242926647","https://openalex.org/W6628261430","https://openalex.org/W6629297748","https://openalex.org/W6729667700"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1916582918","https://openalex.org/W1595275176","https://openalex.org/W3028997697","https://openalex.org/W2745771918","https://openalex.org/W2583594538","https://openalex.org/W3194312717","https://openalex.org/W2131019288","https://openalex.org/W4379116144","https://openalex.org/W3210462562","https://openalex.org/W3199055575"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"improve":[1],"processor":[2],"performance,":[3],"computer":[4],"architects":[5],"have":[6,18],"adopted":[7],"such":[8,45,155],"acceleration":[9],"techniques":[10,135],"as":[11,28,46,156],"speculative":[12],"execution":[13,118],"and":[14,32,63,65],"caching.":[15],"However,":[16,95],"researchers":[17],"recently":[19],"discovered":[20],"that":[21,80],"this":[22,97,147],"approach":[23],"implies":[24],"inherent":[25],"security":[26],"flaws,":[27],"exploited":[29],"by":[30,50,91],"Meltdown":[31,75],"Spectre.":[33,105],"Attacks":[34],"targeting":[35],"these":[36],"vulnerabilities":[37],"can":[38,56],"leak":[39],"protected":[40],"data":[41,47],"through":[42],"side":[43],"channels":[44],"cache":[48,157],"timing":[49],"exploiting":[51],"mis-speculated":[52],"executions.":[53],"The":[54],"flaws":[55],"be":[57],"catastrophic":[58],"because":[59,136],"they":[60,66],"are":[61],"fundamental":[62],"widespread":[64],"affect":[67],"many":[68],"modern":[69],"processors.":[70,121],"Mitigating":[71],"the":[72,107,114],"effect":[73],"of":[74,113],"is":[76,100,127],"relatively":[77],"straightforward":[78],"in":[79,119,142],"it":[81,137],"entails":[82],"a":[83,111,124,194],"software-based":[84,133],"fix":[85],"which":[86],"has":[87],"already":[88],"been":[89],"deployed":[90],"major":[92],"OS":[93],"vendors.":[94],"to":[96,104,129,151,166,176],"day,":[98],"there":[99],"no":[101],"effective":[102],"mitigation":[103],"Fixing":[106],"problem":[108],"may":[109],"require":[110],"redesign":[112],"architecture":[115],"for":[116],"conditional":[117],"future":[120],"In":[122,146],"addition,":[123],"Spectre":[125,168],"attack":[126,170],"hard":[128],"detect":[130,167],"using":[131,188],"traditional":[132,143],"antivirus":[134],"does":[138],"not":[139],"leave":[140],"traces":[141],"log":[144],"files.":[145],"paper,":[148],"we":[149],"proposed":[150],"monitor":[152],"microarchitectural":[153],"events":[154],"misses,":[158],"branch":[159],"mispredictions":[160],"from":[161],"existing":[162],"CPU":[163],"performance":[164,196],"counters":[165],"during":[169],"runtime.":[171],"Our":[172],"detector":[173],"was":[174],"able":[175],"achieve":[177],"0%":[178],"false":[179,186],"negatives":[180],"with":[181,193],"less":[182],"than":[183],"1":[184],"%":[185],"positives":[187],"various":[189],"machine":[190],"learning":[191],"classifiers":[192],"reasonable":[195],"overhead.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-02-27T16:54:17.756197","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
