{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2786447331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/btas.2017.8272692","title":"On the vulnerability of ECG verification to online presentation attacks","display_name":"On the vulnerability of ECG verification to online presentation attacks","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2786447331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/btas.2017.8272692","mag":"2786447331"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/btas.2017.8272692","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/btas.2017.8272692","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014914538","display_name":"Nima Karimian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4590-7170"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140172145","display_name":"University of Connecticut","ror":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nima Karimian","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Connecticut Electrical & Computer Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Connecticut Electrical & Computer Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055751228","display_name":"Damon L. Woodard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0471-177X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140172145","display_name":"University of Connecticut","ror":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Damon L. Woodard","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Connecticut Electrical & Computer Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Connecticut Electrical & Computer Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009243659","display_name":"Domenic Forte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2794-7320"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140172145","display_name":"University of Connecticut","ror":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Domenic Forte","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Connecticut Electrical & Computer Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Connecticut Electrical & Computer Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9962,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88715515,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"143","last_page":"151"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.818289041519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiducial-marker","display_name":"Fiducial marker","score":0.7700979709625244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.6662009954452515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.66464763879776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.5282919406890869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.44716203212738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4103803336620331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.37080150842666626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3471006453037262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.33905377984046936}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.818289041519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173974348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469893","display_name":"Fiducial marker","level":2,"score":0.7700979709625244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.6662009954452515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.66464763879776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5282919406890869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.44716203212738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4103803336620331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.37080150842666626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3471006453037262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33905377984046936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/btas.2017.8272692","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/btas.2017.8272692","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1581808154","https://openalex.org/W1638038541","https://openalex.org/W1979339361","https://openalex.org/W2005415942","https://openalex.org/W2007123640","https://openalex.org/W2027539209","https://openalex.org/W2041040282","https://openalex.org/W2087347434","https://openalex.org/W2106852298","https://openalex.org/W2115501658","https://openalex.org/W2132904166","https://openalex.org/W2149064334","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2157209869","https://openalex.org/W2166266107","https://openalex.org/W2181315643","https://openalex.org/W2187810150","https://openalex.org/W2510836363","https://openalex.org/W2516218154","https://openalex.org/W2605024226","https://openalex.org/W2612916332","https://openalex.org/W2614292327","https://openalex.org/W2616625561","https://openalex.org/W2623572935","https://openalex.org/W2687548481","https://openalex.org/W3120421331","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6687199240","https://openalex.org/W6725724275"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2525537761","https://openalex.org/W2072325087","https://openalex.org/W2905789513","https://openalex.org/W402593573","https://openalex.org/W2972424784","https://openalex.org/W1486589819","https://openalex.org/W1429720065","https://openalex.org/W2948909270","https://openalex.org/W1514490562","https://openalex.org/W3104966193"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electrocardiogram":[0],"(ECG)":[1],"has":[2,136],"long":[3],"been":[4],"regarded":[5],"as":[6],"a":[7,46,51,128],"biometric":[8],"modality":[9],"which":[10,73,119],"is":[11,58,125,168,177],"impractical":[12],"to":[13,65,78],"copy,":[14],"clone,":[15],"or":[16,37,123],"spoof.":[17],"However,":[18],"it":[19],"was":[20],"recently":[21],"shown":[22],"that":[23,103,109],"an":[24,61,112],"ECG":[25,57,69,91,97,106,160],"signal":[26],"can":[27,74,120],"be":[28,76],"replayed":[29],"from":[30],"arbitrary":[31],"waveform":[32],"generators,":[33],"computer":[34],"sound":[35],"cards,":[36],"off-the-shelf":[38],"audio":[39],"players.":[40],"In":[41,141,162],"this":[42],"paper,":[43],"we":[44],"develop":[45],"novel":[47],"presentation":[48],"attack":[49],"where":[50,133],"short":[52],"template":[53],"of":[54,83,151],"the":[55,67,71,79,84,94,134,144,163,166],"victim's":[56],"captured":[59],"by":[60,170],"attacker":[62,135],"and":[63,99,139,153,157],"used":[64],"map":[66],"attacker's":[68],"into":[70,107],"victim's,":[72],"then":[75],"provided":[77],"sensor":[80],"using":[81],"one":[82,108],"above":[85],"sources.":[86],"Our":[87,116],"approach":[88,146],"involves":[89],"exploiting":[90],"models,":[92],"characterizing":[93],"differences":[95],"between":[96],"signals,":[98],"developing":[100],"mapping":[101],"functions":[102],"transform":[104],"any":[105],"closely":[110],"matches":[111],"authentic":[113],"user's":[114],"ECG.":[115],"proposed":[117],"approach,":[118],"operate":[121],"online":[122,164],"on-the-fly,":[124],"compared":[126],"with":[127],"more":[129,137],"ideal":[130],"offline":[131,145],"scenario":[132],"time":[138],"resources.":[140],"our":[142],"experiments,":[143],"achieves":[147],"average":[148],"success":[149],"rates":[150],"97.43%":[152],"94.17%":[154],"for":[155,172,180],"non-fiducial":[156,173],"fiducial":[158,181],"based":[159,174],"authentication.":[161,182],"scenario,":[165],"performance":[167],"de-graded":[169],"5.65%":[171],"authentication,":[175],"but":[176],"nearly":[178],"unaffected":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
