{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1988558213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/btas.2013.6712715","title":"On the existence of face quality measures","display_name":"On the existence of face quality measures","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1988558213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/btas.2013.6712715","mag":"1988558213"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/btas.2013.6712715","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/btas.2013.6712715","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE Sixth International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047918353","display_name":"P. Jonathon Phillips","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6284-5197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"P. Jonathon Phillips","raw_affiliation_strings":["NIST","[NIST]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NIST","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[NIST]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112787818","display_name":"J. Ross Beveridge","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Ross Beveridge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Colorado State University","COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Colorado State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107233610","display_name":"David S. Bolme","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David S. Bolme","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oak Ridge National Lab","OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LAB"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oak Ridge National Lab","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LAB","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024491677","display_name":"Bruce A. Draper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8560-541X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruce A. Draper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Colorado State University","COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Colorado State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098114932","display_name":"Geof H. Given","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geof H. Given","raw_affiliation_strings":["COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105349489","display_name":"Yui Man Lui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5156-0310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yui Man Lui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Colorado State University","COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Colorado State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045824205","display_name":"Su Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Su Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["NIST","[NIST]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NIST","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[NIST]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081958063","display_name":"Mohammad Nayeem Teli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Nayeem Teli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Colorado State University","COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Colorado State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100397026","display_name":"Hao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1991-119X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Colorado State University","COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Colorado State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047918353"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9938,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92169163,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7640978097915649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.7351639866828918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oracle","display_name":"Oracle","score":0.6926661133766174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.6900708079338074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.6815057396888733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6811255216598511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.6717010736465454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.552527904510498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5415710210800171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5081548690795898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-quality","display_name":"Image quality","score":0.5015420913696289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/greedy-algorithm","display_name":"Greedy algorithm","score":0.44770270586013794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.43893855810165405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.39227020740509033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.33676162362098694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2041741907596588}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7640978097915649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.7351639866828918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55166926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2892946","display_name":"Oracle","level":2,"score":0.6926661133766174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6900708079338074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.6815057396888733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6811255216598511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.6717010736465454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.552527904510498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5415710210800171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5081548690795898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.5015420913696289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51823790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504353","display_name":"Greedy algorithm","level":2,"score":0.44770270586013794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.43893855810165405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39227020740509033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33676162362098694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2041741907596588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/btas.2013.6712715","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/btas.2013.6712715","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE Sixth International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309627","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332178","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W112391733","https://openalex.org/W1980732600","https://openalex.org/W1986897909","https://openalex.org/W2013495493","https://openalex.org/W2027297564","https://openalex.org/W2071266191","https://openalex.org/W2133295669","https://openalex.org/W2134013617","https://openalex.org/W2150498808","https://openalex.org/W2151976365","https://openalex.org/W2536633715","https://openalex.org/W2547222610","https://openalex.org/W2789848387","https://openalex.org/W6728430520"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387497383","https://openalex.org/W3183948672","https://openalex.org/W3173606202","https://openalex.org/W3110381201","https://openalex.org/W2948807893","https://openalex.org/W2935909890","https://openalex.org/W2778153218","https://openalex.org/W2758277628","https://openalex.org/W1531601525","https://openalex.org/W2076845124"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,60],"investigate":[1,79],"the":[2,13,22,63,80],"existence":[3],"of":[4,15,24,65],"quality":[5,20,40,50,71,85],"measures":[6,72,86],"for":[7,18,49,82],"face":[8,25,54,69],"recognition.":[9,26],"First,":[10],"we":[11,28,78,91],"introduce":[12,29],"concept":[14],"an":[16,35,38,45],"oracle":[17],"image":[19,39,70],"in":[21],"context":[23],"Next":[27],"greedy":[30],"pruned":[31],"ordering":[32],"(GPO)":[33],"as":[34],"approximation":[36],"to":[37,98],"oracle.":[41],"GPO":[42,94],"analysis":[43,95],"provides":[44],"estimated":[46],"upper":[47],"bound":[48],"measures,":[51],"given":[52],"a":[53],"recognition":[55],"algorithm":[56],"and":[57],"data":[58],"set.":[59],"then":[61],"assess":[62],"performance":[64],"12":[66],"commonly":[67],"proposed":[68],"against":[73],"this":[74],"standard.":[75],"In":[76],"addition,":[77],"potential":[81],"learning":[83],"new":[84],"via":[87],"supervised":[88],"learning.":[89],"Finally,":[90],"show":[92],"that":[93],"is":[96],"applicable":[97],"other":[99],"biometrics.":[100]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
