{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2046873811","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/btas.2013.6712707","title":"An image statistics approach towards efficient and robust refinement for landmarks on facial boundary","display_name":"An image statistics approach towards efficient and robust refinement for landmarks on facial boundary","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2046873811","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/btas.2013.6712707","mag":"2046873811"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/btas.2013.6712707","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/btas.2013.6712707","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE Sixth International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034751153","display_name":"Felix Juefei-Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0857-8611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Felix Juefei-Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, CyLab Biometrics Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","[Cylab Biometrics Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, CyLab Biometrics Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Cylab Biometrics Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057959136","display_name":"Marios Savvides","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marios Savvides","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering, CyLab Biometrics Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","[Cylab Biometrics Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, CyLab Biometrics Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Cylab Biometrics Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034751153"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0823,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94761141,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2031","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7553857564926147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.717313289642334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","score":0.6326171159744263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6271249055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subspace-topology","display_name":"Subspace topology","score":0.6271003484725952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5662614107131958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5345828533172607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.5334019660949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.53155916929245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.5257516503334045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.4284375011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-hallucination","display_name":"Face hallucination","score":0.4162440896034241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2562685012817383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.2523345351219177}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7553857564926147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.717313289642334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.6326171159744263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6271249055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32834561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660730","display_name":"Subspace topology","level":2,"score":0.6271003484725952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5662614107131958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5345828533172607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.5334019660949707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.53155916929245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.5257516503334045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.4284375011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54654163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428359","display_name":"Face hallucination","level":5,"score":0.4162440896034241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2562685012817383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.2523345351219177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/btas.2013.6712707","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/btas.2013.6712707","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE Sixth International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W26264755","https://openalex.org/W1516512487","https://openalex.org/W1539013634","https://openalex.org/W1665139167","https://openalex.org/W1975343276","https://openalex.org/W1980732600","https://openalex.org/W1991113069","https://openalex.org/W2000781128","https://openalex.org/W2024808535","https://openalex.org/W2032618685","https://openalex.org/W2040758894","https://openalex.org/W2084481049","https://openalex.org/W2085388325","https://openalex.org/W2092545044","https://openalex.org/W2095164491","https://openalex.org/W2100603595","https://openalex.org/W2104095591","https://openalex.org/W2114487471","https://openalex.org/W2116040950","https://openalex.org/W2122443056","https://openalex.org/W2132331553","https://openalex.org/W2132363464","https://openalex.org/W2156491226","https://openalex.org/W2163179221","https://openalex.org/W2163449381","https://openalex.org/W2171759622","https://openalex.org/W3106889297","https://openalex.org/W3211330693","https://openalex.org/W6601038819","https://openalex.org/W6632459331","https://openalex.org/W6637406031","https://openalex.org/W6684102511"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2388958958","https://openalex.org/W200201533","https://openalex.org/W4171918","https://openalex.org/W325114128","https://openalex.org/W2024640171","https://openalex.org/W4220850864","https://openalex.org/W63491089","https://openalex.org/W4283639758","https://openalex.org/W4246863173","https://openalex.org/W2108358695"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,67],"the":[1,12,23,29,35,42,64,82,89,96,114,148,155,159,167],"real-world":[2],"unconstrained":[3,122],"face":[4],"recognition":[5],"scenarios,":[6],"automatic":[7],"facial":[8,24,65,85,97,119,123],"landmarking":[9],"scheme":[10],"using":[11],"active":[13],"shape":[14],"model":[15],"(ASM)":[16],"usually":[17],"gives":[18],"non-ideal":[19],"results,":[20],"especially":[21],"at":[22,143],"boundary.":[25,66,86],"This":[26,109],"is":[27,132],"because":[28],"local":[30],"subspace":[31],"methods":[32,153],"such":[33],"as":[34],"principal":[36],"component":[37],"analysis":[38],"(PCA)":[39],"used":[40],"in":[41],"ASM":[43],"does":[44],"not":[45],"properly":[46],"discern":[47],"skin":[48],"texture":[49],"and":[50,56],"background":[51],"with":[52,88,104,125,138],"very":[53],"similar":[54],"photometric":[55],"textual":[57],"properties,":[58],"thus":[59],"fails":[60],"to":[61,79,94],"accurately":[62],"locate":[63],"this":[68,130],"work,":[69],"we":[70],"have":[71,146],"novelly":[72],"developed":[73],"a":[74],"robust":[75],"image":[76,136],"statistics":[77,137],"approach":[78,101],"efficiently":[80],"refine":[81],"landmarks":[83,117,161],"on":[84,118,135,154],"Moreover,":[87],"aid":[90],"of":[91,116,150],"banana":[92],"wavelets":[93],"highlight":[95],"boundary,":[98],"our":[99,151],"proposed":[100,152],"can":[102,111],"deal":[103],"even":[105],"more":[106],"difficult":[107],"task.":[108],"algorithm":[110],"dramatically":[112],"increase":[113],"accuracy":[115],"boundary":[120],"for":[121],"images":[124],"minimum":[126],"computational":[127],"expense":[128],"since":[129],"method":[131],"purely":[133],"based":[134],"no":[139],"training":[140],"stages":[141],"involved":[142],"all.":[144],"We":[145],"shown":[147],"effectiveness":[149],"GBU":[156],"database":[157],"where":[158],"refined":[160],"yield":[162],"much":[163],"lower":[164],"MSE":[165],"from":[166],"ground":[168],"truth.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}