{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4308086694","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bsn56160.2022.9928492","title":"SmartAct: Energy Efficient and Real-Time Hand-to-Mouth Gesture Detection Using Wearable RGB-T","display_name":"SmartAct: Energy Efficient and Real-Time Hand-to-Mouth Gesture Detection Using Wearable RGB-T","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4308086694","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bsn56160.2022.9928492","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37179571"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/bsn56160.2022.9928492","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bsn56160.2022.9928492","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE-EMBS International Conference on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks (BSN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10176499/pdf/nihms-1889783.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034047796","display_name":"Soroush Shahi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7898-3957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soroush Shahi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University,Department of Computer Science, Department of Preventive Medicine,Evanston,IL,USA","Department of Computer Science, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University,Department of Computer Science, Department of Preventive Medicine,Evanston,IL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001759639","display_name":"Mahdi Pedram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5742-6529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahdi Pedram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University,Department of Computer Science, Department of Preventive Medicine,Evanston,IL,USA","Department of Computer Science, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University,Department of Computer Science, Department of Preventive Medicine,Evanston,IL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040968001","display_name":"Glenn Fernandes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9070-4594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Glenn Fernandes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University,Department of Computer Science, Department of Preventive Medicine,Evanston,IL,USA","Department of Computer Science, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University,Department of Computer Science, Department of Preventive Medicine,Evanston,IL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001385856","display_name":"Nabil Alshurafa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6681-7564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nabil Alshurafa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University,Department of Computer Science, Department of Preventive Medicine,Evanston,IL,USA","Department of Computer Science, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University,Department of Computer Science, Department of Preventive Medicine,Evanston,IL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.327,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51686187,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"2022","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9652000069618225,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9652000069618225,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9621000289916992,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9043999910354614,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.8018191456794739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.718246579170227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.6610924005508423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.49835872650146484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4904119670391083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.47187915444374084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-technology","display_name":"Wearable technology","score":0.4503820538520813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.42070651054382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3237265944480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.2790243625640869}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.8018191456794739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.718246579170227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.6610924005508423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.49835872650146484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4904119670391083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.47187915444374084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.4503820538520813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.42070651054382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3237265944480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2790243625640869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/bsn56160.2022.9928492","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bsn56160.2022.9928492","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE-EMBS International Conference on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks (BSN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:37179571","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37179571","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"... International Conference on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks. International Conference on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10176499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10176499","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10176499/pdf/nihms-1889783.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Int Conf Wearable Implant Body Sens Netw","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10176499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10176499","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10176499/pdf/nihms-1889783.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Int Conf Wearable Implant Body Sens Netw","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8899999856948853,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2386144590","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 DK129843","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4487448669","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R03 DK127128","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6244266908","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"K25 DK113242","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6633177570","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R21 EB030305","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337363","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/00adh9b73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337363","display_name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00372qc85"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4308086694.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2975114953","https://openalex.org/W3010810189","https://openalex.org/W4225012095"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3090300519","https://openalex.org/W2514492205","https://openalex.org/W4250401876","https://openalex.org/W2943851981","https://openalex.org/W2095299560","https://openalex.org/W2907667791","https://openalex.org/W3047461507","https://openalex.org/W3126390843","https://openalex.org/W4245880644","https://openalex.org/W2999186374"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Researchers":[0],"have":[1],"been":[2],"leveraging":[3],"wearable":[4,79,139],"cameras":[5],"to":[6,34],"both":[7],"visually":[8],"confirm":[9],"and":[10,23,59,87,119,149,161,190],"automatically":[11],"detect":[12],"individuals'":[13],"eating":[14,44,197],"habits.":[15],"However,":[16],"energy-intensive":[17],"tasks":[18,94,108],"such":[19],"as":[20],"continuously":[21],"collecting":[22,143],"storing":[24],"RGB":[25,114,117],"images":[26],"in":[27,32,180,202],"memory,":[28],"or":[29],"running":[30,120],"algorithms":[31],"real-time":[33,88],"automate":[35],"detection":[36,158],"of":[37,69,137,146,154,163,176,187,195],"eating,":[38,151],"greatly":[39],"impacts":[40],"battery":[41,52,181],"life.":[42],"Since":[43],"moments":[45],"are":[46,110],"spread":[47],"sparsely":[48],"throughout":[49],"the":[50,102,113,135,152,193],"day,":[51],"life":[53,182],"can":[54],"be":[55],"mitigated":[56],"by":[57,101],"recording":[58],"processing":[60],"data":[61,147],"only":[62],"when":[63,95],"there":[64],"is":[65,99],"a":[66,73,76,82,96,138,155],"high":[67],"likelihood":[68],"eating.":[70],"We":[71],"present":[72],"framework":[74],"comprising":[75],"golf-ball":[77],"sized":[78],"device":[80],"using":[81,166],"low-powered":[83],"thermal":[84,103],"sensor":[85,104],"array":[86],"activation":[89,168,171],"algorithm":[90,159,172],"that":[91],"activates":[92],"high-energy":[93,107],"hand-to-mouth":[97],"gesture":[98,157],"confirmed":[100],"array.":[105],"The":[106],"tested":[109],"turning":[111],"on":[112,122],"camera":[115],"(Trigger":[116,128],"mode)":[118],"inference":[121],"an":[123,174],"on-device":[124],"machine":[125],"learning":[126],"model":[127],"ML":[129],"mode).":[130],"Our":[131,170],"experimental":[132],"setup":[133],"involved":[134],"design":[136],"camera,":[140],"6":[141],"participants":[142],"18":[144],"hours":[145],"with":[148,184],"without":[150,191],"implementation":[153],"feeding":[156],"on-device,":[160],"measures":[162],"power":[164],"saving":[165],"our":[167],"method.":[169],"demonstrates":[173],"average":[175],"at-least":[177],"31.5%":[178],"increase":[179,201],"time,":[183],"minimal":[185],"drop":[186],"recall":[188],"(5%)":[189],"impacting":[192],"accuracy":[194],"detecting":[196],"(a":[198],"slight":[199],"4.1%":[200],"F1-Score).":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
