{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117109248","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/brains67003.2025.11302905","title":"On the Trade-Off between Degree of Decentralization and Scalability in Proof-of-Stake\u2013based Blockchain Systems","display_name":"On the Trade-Off between Degree of Decentralization and Scalability in Proof-of-Stake\u2013based Blockchain Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117109248","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/brains67003.2025.11302905"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/brains67003.2025.11302905","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/brains67003.2025.11302905","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 7th Conference on Blockchain Research &amp;amp; Applications for Innovative Networks and Services (BRAINS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121144212","display_name":"Frederic von Normann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095579","display_name":"Institute for Sports Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0084rd854","country_code":"DE","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095579"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frederic von Normann","raw_affiliation_strings":["SWIAT GmbH, Frankfurt am Main,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SWIAT GmbH, Frankfurt am Main,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095579"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103720468","display_name":"Mansur Aliyu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41121874","display_name":"Heilbronn University","ror":"https://ror.org/04g5gcg95","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41121874"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mansur Masama Aliyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Munich,Campus Heilbronn,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Munich,Campus Heilbronn,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41121874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121124638","display_name":"Niclas Kannengie\u00dfer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41121874","display_name":"Heilbronn University","ror":"https://ror.org/04g5gcg95","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41121874"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niclas Kannengie\u00dfer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Munich,Campus Heilbronn,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Munich,Campus Heilbronn,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41121874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121243670","display_name":"Lan Bao Quang Le","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lan Bao Quang Le","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ulm University,Ulm,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulm University,Ulm,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085021353","display_name":"Robert Heinrich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0779-9444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196349391","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Ulm","ror":"https://ror.org/032000t02","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Heinrich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ulm University,Ulm,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ulm University,Ulm,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196349391"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058513170","display_name":"Ali Sunyaev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4353-8519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41121874","display_name":"Heilbronn University","ror":"https://ror.org/04g5gcg95","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41121874"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Sunyaev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Munich,Campus Heilbronn,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Munich,Campus Heilbronn,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41121874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9246,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89609775,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.8278999924659729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.8278999924659729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.04399999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.02280000038444996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.8012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.5788000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.521399974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.47519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decentralization","display_name":"Decentralization","score":0.4706999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-token","display_name":"Security token","score":0.45890000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.45660001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.43709999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4341999888420105}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.8012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6662999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.5788000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.521399974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5103999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.47519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136810230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188961","display_name":"Decentralization","level":2,"score":0.4706999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.45890000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.45660001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.43709999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4341999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.42890000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775997480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586277","display_name":"Degree (music)","level":2,"score":0.3801000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.33329999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.3197999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63000827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3080428","display_name":"Software portability","level":2,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780267512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6997828","display_name":"Nestedness","level":3,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177225278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192674","display_name":"Factoring","level":2,"score":0.26429998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42747912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048447","display_name":"Multiplicative function","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.251800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/brains67003.2025.11302905","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/brains67003.2025.11302905","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 7th Conference on Blockchain Research &amp;amp; Applications for Innovative Networks and Services (BRAINS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mediatum.ub.tum.de:node/1839778","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/1839778","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196330","display_name":"mediaTUM  (Technical University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Munich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"ConferencePaper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8243124485015869,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325698","display_name":"Helmholtz Association","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2536325433","https://openalex.org/W2604122668","https://openalex.org/W2890801208","https://openalex.org/W2926987861","https://openalex.org/W2931856624","https://openalex.org/W2965166559","https://openalex.org/W3004868766","https://openalex.org/W3023088469","https://openalex.org/W3029501235","https://openalex.org/W4368319214","https://openalex.org/W4372260561","https://openalex.org/W4380841445","https://openalex.org/W4399452211","https://openalex.org/W4400035805","https://openalex.org/W4404102264","https://openalex.org/W4405757727"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Proof-of-stake-based":[0],"(PoS-based)":[1],"blockchain":[2,151],"systems":[3],"exhibit":[4],"a":[5,46,124],"trade-off":[6],"between":[7],"degree":[8],"of":[9,16,133,144],"decentralization":[10],"(DoD)":[11],"and":[12,22,62,69,89,109,146],"scalability:":[13],"equitable":[14,29],"participation":[15],"validating":[17],"nodes":[18],"can":[19,27],"raise":[20],"latency":[21],"degrade":[23],"throughput,":[24,66],"while":[25],"scaling":[26],"reduce":[28],"participation.":[30],"To":[31],"meet":[32],"application":[33],"requirements,":[34],"software":[35],"architects":[36],"must":[37],"balance":[38],"these":[39],"dimensions":[40],"using":[41],"comparable":[42],"metrics.":[43],"We":[44],"curated":[45,128],"compact":[47],"metric":[48],"set":[49],"for":[50,63,140,148],"DoD":[51,95],"(block-proposal":[52],"randomness":[53],"[Shannon":[54],"entropy],":[55],"token":[56],"concentration":[57],"[HHI],":[58],"wealth":[59],"distribution":[60],"[Gini])":[61],"scalability":[64],"(transaction":[65],"first-inclusion":[67],"latency)":[68],"applied":[70],"it":[71],"to":[72,98,136],"Tezos":[73],"Hangzhou":[74],"2":[75],"(Octez":[76],"v12.3).":[77],"Across":[78],"1,573":[79],"controlled":[80],"configurations":[81],"with":[82,127],"varying":[83],"validating-node":[84,118],"count":[85],"n,":[86,145],"block":[87,90],"interval,":[88],"size":[91],"limit,":[92],"we":[93],"normalized":[94],"by":[96,117],"n":[97],"enable":[99],"cross-configuration":[100],"comparison.":[101],"Under":[102],"this":[103],"normalization,":[104],"DoDscalability":[105],"associations":[106],"were":[107],"weaker":[108],"not":[110],"uniformly":[111],"negative.":[112],"Scalability":[113],"was":[114],"primarily":[115],"influenced":[116],"count.":[119],"Our":[120],"main":[121],"contributions":[122],"are":[123],"benchmarking":[125],"approach":[126],"metrics,":[129],"an":[130],"empirical":[131],"mapping":[132],"configuration":[134],"levers":[135],"both":[137],"dimensions,":[138],"evidence":[139],"the":[141],"dominant":[142],"role":[143],"guidance":[147],"configuring":[149],"PoS-based":[150],"systems.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-12-24T00:00:00"}
