{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404180513","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/brains63024.2024.10732571","title":"Mathematical Modelling of Dual\u2013Layer Byzantine Fault\u2013Tolerant Consensus Process for Optimal Sharding and Mitigation of Blockchain Trilemma","display_name":"Mathematical Modelling of Dual\u2013Layer Byzantine Fault\u2013Tolerant Consensus Process for Optimal Sharding and Mitigation of Blockchain Trilemma","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404180513","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/brains63024.2024.10732571"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/brains63024.2024.10732571","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/brains63024.2024.10732571","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 6th Conference on Blockchain Research & Applications for Innovative Networks and Services (BRAINS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108253218","display_name":"Akihiro Fujihara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9090-7786"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8488066","display_name":"Chiba Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qwnam72","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8488066"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Akihiro Fujihara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chiba Institute of Technology,Graduate School of Engineering,Chiba,Japan,275\u20130016"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chiba Institute of Technology,Graduate School of Engineering,Chiba,Japan,275\u20130016","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8488066"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108253218"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8488066"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.2153,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97226029,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9757999777793884,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9757999777793884,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byzantine-fault-tolerance","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","score":0.8172783851623535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.7752739787101746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trilemma","display_name":"Trilemma","score":0.7136263847351074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.576575517654419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.56643146276474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.5512883067131042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dual","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","score":0.510948121547699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.47411301732063293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byzantine-architecture","display_name":"Byzantine architecture","score":0.4377152919769287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dual-layer","display_name":"Dual layer","score":0.41775110363960266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.36406368017196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.1636335849761963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.13218870759010315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.1303471326828003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.11511531472206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monetary-economics","display_name":"Monetary economics","score":0.09390810132026672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.060533106327056885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168021876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1353446","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","level":3,"score":0.8172783851623535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.7752739787101746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780676692","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073549","display_name":"Trilemma","level":3,"score":0.7136263847351074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.576575517654419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.56643146276474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.5512883067131042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.510948121547699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.47411301732063293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104562893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47591","display_name":"Byzantine architecture","level":2,"score":0.4377152919769287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993148961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5294","display_name":"Dual layer","level":3,"score":0.41775110363960266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.36406368017196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.1636335849761963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.13218870759010315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1303471326828003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.11511531472206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.09390810132026672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.060533106327056885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126285488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178476","display_name":"Monetary policy","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/brains63024.2024.10732571","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/brains63024.2024.10732571","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 6th Conference on Blockchain Research & Applications for Innovative Networks and Services (BRAINS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.8600000143051147}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1346027746","display_name":"Studies on multi-layer and parallel consensus protocols for hyper-interoperable blockchains","funder_award_id":"23K11086","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1500657154","https://openalex.org/W2105685537","https://openalex.org/W2535104337","https://openalex.org/W2794533297","https://openalex.org/W2797569913","https://openalex.org/W2883173799","https://openalex.org/W2897676665","https://openalex.org/W2899702797","https://openalex.org/W2964303100","https://openalex.org/W2968207034","https://openalex.org/W2972190608","https://openalex.org/W2976466489","https://openalex.org/W2982212956","https://openalex.org/W2998762116","https://openalex.org/W3039474587","https://openalex.org/W3130309949","https://openalex.org/W3175891029","https://openalex.org/W4200262387","https://openalex.org/W4310676301","https://openalex.org/W4365421065","https://openalex.org/W4382794844","https://openalex.org/W4384926196","https://openalex.org/W4386229429","https://openalex.org/W4386473178","https://openalex.org/W4387122637","https://openalex.org/W4389492878","https://openalex.org/W4394620770","https://openalex.org/W4399286864","https://openalex.org/W4399452211","https://openalex.org/W4400745537","https://openalex.org/W4402594210","https://openalex.org/W6675692801","https://openalex.org/W6678832241","https://openalex.org/W6742692663","https://openalex.org/W6752964981","https://openalex.org/W6764251360","https://openalex.org/W6767600576","https://openalex.org/W6862567734"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2372775434","https://openalex.org/W2980932178","https://openalex.org/W3122695309","https://openalex.org/W2480650545","https://openalex.org/W3049615642","https://openalex.org/W2920356129","https://openalex.org/W2409840540","https://openalex.org/W3097441573","https://openalex.org/W3023756214","https://openalex.org/W2145120192"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"dual\u2013layer":[1,85,127],"consensus":[2,12,86,98,130],"process":[3,87],"enhances":[4],"the":[5,23,59,66,71,77,84,108,117,140,160],"transaction":[6],"processing":[7],"performance":[8],"of":[9,25,35,38,61,79,95,111,120,162],"Byzantine":[10,96,128],"fault\u2013tolerant":[11,97,129],"blockchains":[13],"through":[14],"a":[15,36,41,55,92,103],"method":[16],"called":[17],"sharding.":[18],"In":[19],"this":[20,137],"sharding":[21],"method,":[22],"network":[24],"validator":[26],"nodes":[27,39],"is":[28,52,164],"partitioned":[29],"into":[30],"multiple":[31],"subsystems,":[32],"each":[33,62],"consisting":[34],"group":[37,81],"at":[40,54,136],"lower":[42],"level,":[43],"known":[44],"as":[45],"shards.":[46],"Consensus":[47],"formation":[48],"within":[49],"these":[50],"shards":[51,121],"aggregated":[53],"higher":[56],"level":[57],"among":[58],"leaders":[60],"shard,":[63],"thereby":[64],"reducing":[65],"total":[67],"communication":[68],"load":[69],"throughout":[70],"process.":[72],"This":[73],"paper":[74],"theoretically":[75],"analyzes":[76],"impact":[78],"node":[80],"partitioning":[82],"in":[83,126],"on":[88],"average":[89,124],"throughput":[90,125],"using":[91],"stochastic":[93],"model":[94],"blockchains.":[99],"Consequently,":[100],"we":[101,115,133,150],"derive":[102],"formula":[104],"that":[105,122,135,152],"qualitatively":[106],"explains":[107],"simulation":[109],"results":[110],"existing":[112],"research.":[113],"Additionally,":[114],"determine":[116],"optimal":[118,138],"number":[119],"maximizes":[123],"processes.":[131],"Furthermore,":[132],"demonstrate":[134,151],"value,":[139],"blockchain":[141],"trilemma\u2014balancing":[142],"decentralization,":[143],"scalability,":[144],"and":[145,155],"security\u2014can":[146],"be":[147],"mitigated.":[148],"Specifically,":[149],"both":[153],"security":[154],"scalability":[156],"are":[157],"enhanced":[158],"when":[159],"degree":[161],"decentralization":[163],"increased.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-08-05T07:39:15.569665","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}