{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3183857017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/brains52497.2021.9569832","title":"A Cooperative Optimal Mining Model for Bitcoin","display_name":"A Cooperative Optimal Mining Model for Bitcoin","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3183857017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/brains52497.2021.9569832","mag":"3183857017"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/brains52497.2021.9569832","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/brains52497.2021.9569832","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 3rd Conference on Blockchain Research &amp; Applications for Innovative Networks and Services (BRAINS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.09707","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050734373","display_name":"David Lajeunesse","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138172","display_name":"Institute of Information Security","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmfrm44","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138172"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Lajeunesse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Master in Information Security"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Master in Information Security","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138172"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008071882","display_name":"Hugo D. Scolnik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0684-3661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24354313","display_name":"University of Buenos Aires","ror":"https://ror.org/0081fs513","country_code":"AR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24354313"]}],"countries":["AR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hugo D. Scolnik","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Buenos, Aires, Argentina","University of Buenos,Department of Computer Science and ICC,Aires,Argentina"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Buenos, Aires, Argentina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24354313"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Buenos,Department of Computer Science and ICC,Aires,Argentina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24354313"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050734373"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138172"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13668407,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"209","last_page":"216"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stackelberg-competition","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","score":0.7516298294067383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nash-equilibrium","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","score":0.6576573848724365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.627394437789917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dilemma","display_name":"Dilemma","score":0.6070438623428345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5273535847663879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-theory","display_name":"Game theory","score":0.5055222511291504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-cooperative-game","display_name":"Non-cooperative game","score":0.4934193193912506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/repeated-game","display_name":"Repeated game","score":0.4904467761516571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.47738951444625854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumption","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","score":0.44758644700050354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4355941116809845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.4273694157600403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.29052263498306274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08114898204803467}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199510392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184602","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","level":2,"score":0.7516298294067383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46814582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23389","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","level":2,"score":0.6576573848724365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.627394437789917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778496695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254128","display_name":"Dilemma","level":2,"score":0.6070438623428345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5273535847663879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.5055222511291504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47175762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13422573","display_name":"Non-cooperative game","level":3,"score":0.4934193193912506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202556891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1584646","display_name":"Repeated game","level":3,"score":0.4904467761516571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.47738951444625854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.44758644700050354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4355941116809845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.4273694157600403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.29052263498306274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08114898204803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/brains52497.2021.9569832","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/brains52497.2021.9569832","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 3rd Conference on Blockchain Research &amp; Applications for Innovative Networks and Services (BRAINS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2107.09707","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2107.09707","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.09707","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3183857017","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/2107.09707","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2107.09707","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2107.09707","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2107.09707","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2107.09707","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.09707","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.47999998927116394,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1523833175","https://openalex.org/W1820692873","https://openalex.org/W1976450472","https://openalex.org/W2038882739","https://openalex.org/W2057248704","https://openalex.org/W2161066873","https://openalex.org/W2408274355","https://openalex.org/W2752685521","https://openalex.org/W2797585760","https://openalex.org/W2886706106","https://openalex.org/W2892232273","https://openalex.org/W2904815806","https://openalex.org/W2935154965","https://openalex.org/W2963929166","https://openalex.org/W2996643420","https://openalex.org/W3169291159","https://openalex.org/W4211216608","https://openalex.org/W4213390880","https://openalex.org/W6631441790","https://openalex.org/W6761572098","https://openalex.org/W6772595030"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3209705892","https://openalex.org/W2263222003","https://openalex.org/W2785808326","https://openalex.org/W2547914943","https://openalex.org/W176234586","https://openalex.org/W2359562945","https://openalex.org/W2161994350","https://openalex.org/W110262861","https://openalex.org/W3012836479","https://openalex.org/W2981670245","https://openalex.org/W573561845","https://openalex.org/W143342245","https://openalex.org/W2901590277","https://openalex.org/W3128144839","https://openalex.org/W2182451510","https://openalex.org/W1498266939","https://openalex.org/W3176778145","https://openalex.org/W2000111303","https://openalex.org/W3011915725","https://openalex.org/W2619031795"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,158],"analyze":[1],"Bitcoin":[2,171],"mining":[3,14,78,164],"from":[4],"the":[5,42,92,109,113,117,122,127,138,161,167,176,184,193,205,211],"perspective":[6],"of":[7,19,59,186,192],"a":[8,26,35,46,69,89,99,104,144,189],"game":[9,29,106,130,206],"and":[10,21,63,86,126,133,173,199],"propose":[11],"an":[12],"optimal":[13,163],"model":[15,24,96,165],"that":[16,160],"maximizes":[17],"profits":[18],"pools":[20,40,198],"miners.":[22,53],"The":[23,95,119],"is":[25],"two-stage":[27],"Stackelberg":[28],"in":[30,68,72,79,88,107,204],"which":[31,73,108],"each":[32],"stage":[33,38,55,123,139],"forms":[34],"sub-game.":[36],"In":[37,54],"I,":[39],"are":[41,131],"leaders":[43],"who":[44],"assign":[45],"computing":[47,195],"power":[48,61,196],"to":[49,143,155,169,210],"be":[50],"consumed":[51],"by":[52,116,180],"II,":[56],"miners":[57,110,150,181],"decide":[58],"their":[60,83,152],"consumption":[62],"distribution.":[64],"They":[65],"find":[66],"themselves":[67],"social":[70,177],"dilemma":[71,178],"they":[74],"must":[75],"choose":[76,151],"between":[77,197],"solo,":[80],"therefore":[81],"prioritizing":[82],"individual":[84],"preferences,":[85],"participating":[87],"pool":[90,100],"for":[91,112,121],"collective":[93],"interest.":[94],"relies":[97],"on":[98,103],"protocol":[101,129],"based":[102],"simulated":[105,128],"compete":[111],"reward":[114],"won":[115],"pool.":[118],"solutions":[120,207],"I":[124],"sub-game":[125,141],"unique":[132],"stable":[134,145],"Nash":[135],"equilibriums":[136,203],"while":[137,202],"II":[140],"leads":[142],"cooperative":[146,162],"equilibrium":[147],"only":[148],"when":[149],"strategies":[153],"according":[154],"certain":[156,190],"criteria.":[157],"conclude":[159],"has":[166],"potential":[168],"favor":[170],"decentralization":[172],"stability.":[174],"Mainly,":[175],"faced":[179],"together":[182],"with":[183],"balance":[185],"incentives":[187],"ensure":[188],"distribution":[191],"network":[194],"solo":[200],"miners,":[201],"provide":[208],"stability":[209],"system.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-09T09:26:11.010843","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
