{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3153835500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/brains52497.2021.9569822","title":"zkHawk: Practical Private Smart Contracts from MPC-based Hawk","display_name":"zkHawk: Practical Private Smart Contracts from MPC-based Hawk","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3153835500","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/brains52497.2021.9569822","mag":"3153835500"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/brains52497.2021.9569822","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/brains52497.2021.9569822","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 3rd Conference on Blockchain Research & Applications for Innovative Networks and Services (BRAINS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.09180","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064922757","display_name":"Aritra Banerjee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6081-9374"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205274468","display_name":"Trinity College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/02tyrky19","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aritra Banerjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["ADAPT Centre, School of Comp Sci & Stats Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","Trinity College Dublin"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ADAPT Centre, School of Comp Sci & Stats Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Trinity College Dublin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055103778","display_name":"Michael Clear","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5529-2280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205274468","display_name":"Trinity College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/02tyrky19","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Clear","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Comp Sci & Stats, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","Trinity College Dublin"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Comp Sci & Stats, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Trinity College Dublin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058790523","display_name":"Hitesh Tewari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1738-527X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205274468","display_name":"Trinity College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/02tyrky19","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hitesh Tewari","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Comp Sci & Stats, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","Trinity College Dublin"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Comp Sci & Stats, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Trinity College Dublin","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"245","last_page":"248"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.8489171266555786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.7998279333114624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.698211669921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.6705440282821655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.6252704858779907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5659958124160767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5555883049964905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.538830578327179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.3677746057510376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3601028621196747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11182332038879395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.09061649441719055}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.8489171266555786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.7998279333114624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.698211669921875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.6705440282821655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.6252704858779907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5659958124160767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5555883049964905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.538830578327179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.3677746057510376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3601028621196747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11182332038879395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.09061649441719055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/brains52497.2021.9569822","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/brains52497.2021.9569822","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 3rd Conference on Blockchain Research & Applications for Innovative Networks and Services (BRAINS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2104.09180","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.09180","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.09180","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3153835500","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.09180.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3158441098","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/501.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764847869","display_name":"IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614454"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cryptology ePrint Archive"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2104.09180","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2104.09180","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.26548.37768","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.13140/rg.2.2.26548.37768","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2104.09180","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.09180","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.09180","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.5699999928474426}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3993907298","display_name":"ADAPT: Centre for Digital Content Platform Research","funder_award_id":"13/RC/2106","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W827005847","https://openalex.org/W1424543055","https://openalex.org/W1499934958","https://openalex.org/W1538440442","https://openalex.org/W1589034595","https://openalex.org/W1646354800","https://openalex.org/W1885156594","https://openalex.org/W2043007983","https://openalex.org/W2096430557","https://openalex.org/W2148888468","https://openalex.org/W2395984942","https://openalex.org/W2517744317","https://openalex.org/W2888947553","https://openalex.org/W2892164098","https://openalex.org/W2913318911","https://openalex.org/W2962718753","https://openalex.org/W3046314104","https://openalex.org/W6623152775","https://openalex.org/W6635298198","https://openalex.org/W6636797535","https://openalex.org/W6639610839","https://openalex.org/W6712147156","https://openalex.org/W6753628087","https://openalex.org/W6794025006"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3158441098","https://openalex.org/W3112327565","https://openalex.org/W2953605308","https://openalex.org/W2964781484","https://openalex.org/W3081780520","https://openalex.org/W2914496255","https://openalex.org/W2517744317","https://openalex.org/W3129450266","https://openalex.org/W3128792735","https://openalex.org/W3012412950","https://openalex.org/W2889906277","https://openalex.org/W2945184314","https://openalex.org/W2954209740","https://openalex.org/W3013173910","https://openalex.org/W2965502174","https://openalex.org/W3212400608","https://openalex.org/W3204925855","https://openalex.org/W2891547100","https://openalex.org/W3085257456","https://openalex.org/W3084984407"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cryptocurrencies":[0],"have":[1],"received":[2],"a":[3,36,46,66,101,107,128],"lot":[4],"of":[5,14,54,181,192,199],"research":[6,81],"attention":[7],"in":[8,22,35],"recent":[9],"years":[10],"following":[11],"the":[12,15,20,25,55,70,74,77,84,120,136,144,150,161,176,179,182,186,190,193,200],"release":[13],"first":[16],"cryp-tocurrency":[17],"Bitcoin.":[18],"With":[19],"rise":[21],"cryptocurrency":[23],"transactions,":[24],"need":[26],"for":[27,65,94],"smart":[28,57,95,121,131,162,187],"contracts":[29,41,58],"has":[30],"also":[31],"increased.":[32],"Smart":[33],"contracts,":[34],"nutshell,":[37],"are":[38],"digitally":[39],"executed":[40,148],"wherein":[42],"some":[43],"parties":[44],"execute":[45],"common":[47],"goal.":[48],"The":[49],"main":[50],"problem":[51],"with":[52,92,138],"most":[53],"current":[56],"is":[59,62,153,202],"that":[60,87,134,143,178],"there":[61],"no":[63],"privacy":[64,90],"party's":[67,117],"input":[68,118],"to":[69,114,119,146,160,173,175,185],"contract":[71,132,163,188],"from":[72],"either":[73],"blockchain":[75,177],"or":[76],"other":[78],"parties.":[79],"Our":[80],"builds":[82],"on":[83,100],"Hawk":[85,98],"project":[86],"provides":[88],"transaction":[89],"along":[91],"support":[93],"contracts.":[96],"However,":[97],"relies":[99],"special":[102],"trusted":[103,112],"party":[104],"known":[105],"as":[106],"manager,":[108],"which":[109],"must":[110],"be":[111,147],"not":[113],"leak":[115],"each":[116],"contract.":[122],"In":[123],"this":[124],"paper,":[125],"we":[126],"present":[127],"practical":[129,167],"private":[130],"protocol":[133,141,152],"replaces":[135],"manager":[137],"an":[139],"MPC":[140,151],"such":[142],"function":[145],"by":[149],"relatively":[154],"lightweight,":[155],"involving":[156],"little":[157],"overhead":[158],"added":[159],"function,":[164],"and":[165,170],"uses":[166],"sigma":[168],"protocols":[169],"homomorphic":[171],"commitments":[172],"prove":[174],"sum":[180,191],"incoming":[183],"balances":[184],"matches":[189],"outgoing":[194],"balances.":[195],"An":[196],"extended":[197],"version":[198],"paper":[201],"available":[203],"at":[204],"[1].":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}