{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3202346674","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bmsb53066.2021.9547185","title":"An Optimal and Lightweight Convolutional Neural Network for Performance Evaluation in Smart Cities based on CAPTCHA Solving","display_name":"An Optimal and Lightweight Convolutional Neural Network for Performance Evaluation in Smart Cities based on CAPTCHA Solving","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3202346674","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bmsb53066.2021.9547185","mag":"3202346674"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/bmsb53066.2021.9547185","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bmsb53066.2021.9547185","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting (BMSB)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040416969","display_name":"Stephen Dankwa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8329-5398"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Dankwa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079130579","display_name":"Lu Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3857-3982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lu Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040416969"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2754,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62927145,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8019721508026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/captcha","display_name":"CAPTCHA","score":0.784543514251709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6042652726173401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turing-test","display_name":"Turing test","score":0.5879957675933838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hacker","display_name":"Hacker","score":0.5852479338645935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.520804762840271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.48433125019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.48052582144737244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44907763600349426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36895331740379333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.29014360904693604}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8019721508026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163339463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484598","display_name":"CAPTCHA","level":2,"score":0.784543514251709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6042652726173401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C577917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189223","display_name":"Turing test","level":2,"score":0.5879957675933838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86844869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798820","display_name":"Hacker","level":2,"score":0.5852479338645935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.520804762840271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.48433125019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.48052582144737244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44907763600349426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36895331740379333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.29014360904693604}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/bmsb53066.2021.9547185","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bmsb53066.2021.9547185","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting (BMSB)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G409477370","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61871074","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2544860310","https://openalex.org/W2548082576","https://openalex.org/W2810728957","https://openalex.org/W2964054038","https://openalex.org/W3004459728","https://openalex.org/W3034439144","https://openalex.org/W3108715850","https://openalex.org/W3124132369","https://openalex.org/W3130141417","https://openalex.org/W3132949086","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6729432193","https://openalex.org/W6786963114","https://openalex.org/W6790680054"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312500010","https://openalex.org/W2965099444","https://openalex.org/W2086464669","https://openalex.org/W1999034556","https://openalex.org/W1998496804","https://openalex.org/W1991242267","https://openalex.org/W3144744384","https://openalex.org/W3015118614","https://openalex.org/W2019322056","https://openalex.org/W2548082576"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multimedia":[0],"Internet":[1],"of":[2,31,118,131,188,219,231,252,278,283],"Things":[3],"(IoT)":[4],"devices,":[5],"especially,":[6],"the":[7,32,42,123,129,151,189,229,232,236,280],"smartphones":[8],"are":[9,48,113,154,158],"embedded":[10],"with":[11,36,57,128,273],"sensors":[12,23],"including":[13],"Global":[14],"Positioning":[15],"System":[16],"(GPS),":[17],"barometer,":[18],"microphone,":[19],"accelerometer,":[20],"etc.":[21],"These":[22,82],"working":[24],"together,":[25],"present":[26],"a":[27,116,141,208],"fairly":[28],"complete":[29],"picture":[30],"citizens'":[33,124],"daily":[34,53],"activities,":[35],"implications":[37],"for":[38],"their":[39,52,58,80,87,274],"privacy.":[40],"With":[41],"internet,":[43],"Citizens":[44],"in":[45,285],"Smart":[46,286],"Cities":[47],"able":[49],"to":[50,67,72,94,106,121,146,176,211,245,265],"perform":[51,79],"life":[54],"activities":[55],"online":[56],"connected":[59],"electronic":[60],"devices.":[61],"But,":[62],"unfortunately,":[63],"computer":[64],"hackers":[65],"tend":[66],"write":[68],"automated":[69],"malicious":[70],"applications":[71],"attack":[73],"websites":[74],"on":[75,99,150,160,197],"which":[76],"these":[77,96],"citizens":[78,284],"activities.":[81],"security":[83,97,119,263,275],"threats":[84,98],"sometime":[85],"put":[86],"private":[88,125,281],"information":[89,282],"at":[90],"risk.":[91],"In":[92,224],"order":[93],"prevent":[95],"websites,":[100],"Completely":[101],"Automated":[102],"Public":[103],"Turing":[104],"test":[105],"tell":[107],"Computers":[108],"and":[109,170,180,215,221,241,259,267],"Humans":[110],"Apart":[111],"(CAPTCHAs)":[112],"generated,":[114],"as":[115,243],"form":[117],"mechanism":[120],"protect":[122],"information.":[126],"But":[127],"advancement":[130],"deep":[132],"learning,":[133],"text-based":[134,183,217,271],"CAPTCHAs":[135,152,184,218,272],"can":[136],"sometimes":[137],"be":[138],"vulnerable.":[139],"As":[140],"result,":[142],"it":[143],"is":[144,238],"essential":[145],"conduct":[147],"performance":[148],"evaluation":[149],"that":[153,228],"generated":[155],"before":[156],"they":[157],"deployed":[159],"multimedia":[161,262],"web":[162],"applications.":[163],"Therefore,":[164],"this":[165,253],"work":[166,255],"proposed":[167,190,204],"an":[168],"optimal":[169],"light-weight":[171],"Convolutional":[172],"Neural":[173],"Network":[174],"(CNN)":[175],"solve":[177,212],"both":[178,213],"numerical":[179,214],"alpha-numerical":[181,216],"complex":[182],"simultaneously.":[185],"The":[186,203,250],"accuracy":[187,210],"CNN":[191],"model":[192,206,233,237],"has":[193,234],"been":[194],"accelerated":[195],"based":[196],"Cyclical":[198],"Learning":[199],"Rates":[200],"(CLRs)":[201],"policy.":[202],"CLR-CNN":[205],"achieved":[207],"high":[209],"99.87%":[220],"99.66%,":[222],"respectively.":[223],"real-time,":[225],"we":[226],"observed":[227],"speed":[230],"increased,":[235],"lightweight,":[239],"stable,":[240],"flexible":[242],"compared":[244],"other":[246],"CAPTCHA":[247],"solving":[248],"techniques.":[249],"result":[251],"current":[254],"will":[256,260],"increase":[257],"awareness":[258],"assist":[261],"Researchers":[264],"continue":[266],"develop":[268],"more":[269],"robust":[270],"mechanisms":[276],"capable":[277],"protecting":[279],"Cities.":[287]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
