{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3203691443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bmsb53066.2021.9547179","title":"Novel Indoor Device-Free Human Tracking Using Learning Systems with Hidden Markov Models","display_name":"Novel Indoor Device-Free Human Tracking Using Learning Systems with Hidden Markov Models","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3203691443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bmsb53066.2021.9547179","mag":"3203691443"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/bmsb53066.2021.9547179","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bmsb53066.2021.9547179","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting (BMSB)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://repository.lsu.edu/eecs_pubs/2006","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100607499","display_name":"Guannan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4312-9018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guannan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075673732","display_name":"Prasanga Neupane","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prasanga Neupane","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040614086","display_name":"Hsiao\u2010Chun Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0178-1246"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hsiao-Chun Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080779901","display_name":"Weidong Xiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6010-538X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130704","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Dearborn","ror":"https://ror.org/035wtm547","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weidong Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Dearborn, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Dearborn, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070020700","display_name":"Jinwei Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7780-7943"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinwei Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108268424","display_name":"Limeng Pu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1744-9325"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Limeng Pu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Computation and Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Computation and Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002859892","display_name":"Shih Yu Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3576-0021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51504820","display_name":"San Jose State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qyvz380","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shih Yu Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Data Science, San Jose State University, San Jose, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Data Science, San Jose State University, San Jose, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51504820"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084103888","display_name":"Yiyan Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8890-5389"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151552","display_name":"Communications Research Centre Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/05dybt340","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151552"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiyan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communications Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communications Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151552"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091617684","display_name":"Kun Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2811-3758"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5343935","display_name":"Guilin University of Electronic Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05arjae42","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9926000237464905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viterbi-algorithm","display_name":"Viterbi algorithm","score":0.8157714009284973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.7814498543739319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7780768871307373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.6929236650466919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6078784465789795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.50468909740448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.49518051743507385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.4544854164123535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4512898921966553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4401945173740387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.4276777505874634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.39627760648727417}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60582962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83886","display_name":"Viterbi algorithm","level":3,"score":0.8157714009284973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.7814498543739319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7780768871307373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.6929236650466919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6078784465789795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.50468909740448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.49518051743507385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.4544854164123535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4512898921966553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4401945173740387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.4276777505874634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.39627760648727417}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/bmsb53066.2021.9547179","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bmsb53066.2021.9547179","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting (BMSB)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.lsu.edu:eecs_pubs-3008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.lsu.edu/eecs_pubs/2006","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169993","display_name":"Civil War Book Review","issn_l":"1528-6592","issn":["1528-6592"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315936","host_organization_name":"Louisiana State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315936"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Louisiana State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.lsu.edu:eecs_pubs-3008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.lsu.edu/eecs_pubs/2006","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169993","display_name":"Civil War Book Review","issn_l":"1528-6592","issn":["1528-6592"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315936","host_organization_name":"Louisiana State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315936"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Louisiana State University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Publications","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7542544","https://openalex.org/W182831726","https://openalex.org/W1554944419","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W1962960380","https://openalex.org/W2006036128","https://openalex.org/W2046224275","https://openalex.org/W2082418604","https://openalex.org/W2098275572","https://openalex.org/W2100989187","https://openalex.org/W2146241755","https://openalex.org/W2157548127","https://openalex.org/W2170505850","https://openalex.org/W2171033594","https://openalex.org/W2330820318","https://openalex.org/W2582846117","https://openalex.org/W2739026601","https://openalex.org/W2897494621","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2964029185","https://openalex.org/W3024558907","https://openalex.org/W3135790561","https://openalex.org/W6637404493","https://openalex.org/W6791924729"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2136652457","https://openalex.org/W2169849734","https://openalex.org/W2116862786","https://openalex.org/W2167155152","https://openalex.org/W2116722627","https://openalex.org/W2129150969","https://openalex.org/W2236912844","https://openalex.org/W1975869217","https://openalex.org/W2401728283","https://openalex.org/W2383829109"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,25,50,131],"novel":[4],"indoor":[5,68,77,136,147],"device-free":[6,148],"localization":[7,137],"and":[8,66,83,125,138],"tracking":[9,139],"approach":[10],"using":[11],"the":[12,32,47,75,86,91,99,108,117,152],"received":[13],"signal-strength":[14],"indicators":[15],"(RSSIs)":[16],"of":[17,49,120],"WiFi":[18],"signals.":[19],"The":[20],"RSSI":[21],"feature-vectors":[22],"simulated":[23],"by":[24],"channel-propagation":[26],"emulator":[27],"software":[28],"are":[29,43,57],"adopted":[30],"as":[31],"training":[33],"data":[34],"for":[35,64,122,127,145],"our":[36,133],"proposed":[37,134],"scheme.":[38],"Prevalent":[39],"discriminative":[40],"machine-learning":[41,62],"methods":[42],"used":[44],"to":[45,90,116],"predict":[46],"locations":[48],"moving":[51],"human-object.":[52],"Hidden":[53],"Markov":[54,113],"models":[55,114],"(HMMs)":[56],"also":[58],"incorporated":[59],"with":[60,107],"such":[61],"techniques":[63],"robust":[65],"reliable":[67],"tracking.":[69],"In":[70],"this":[71],"work,":[72],"we":[73],"partition":[74],"given":[76],"geometry":[78],"into":[79],"several":[80],"equi-sized":[81],"zones":[82,124],"then":[84],"convert":[85],"underlying":[87],"localization/tracking":[88],"problem":[89],"classical":[92],"multi-classification":[93],"problem.":[94],"Simulation":[95],"results":[96],"demonstrate":[97],"that":[98],"gradient":[100],"boosting":[101],"decision-tree":[102],"(GBDT)":[103],"classifier":[104],"in":[105,151],"conjunction":[106],"Viterbi":[109],"algorithm":[110],"over":[111],"hidden":[112],"leads":[115],"highest":[118],"localization-accuracies":[119],"83.9%":[121],"eight":[123],"71.4%":[126],"sixteen":[128],"zones.":[129],"As":[130],"result,":[132],"new":[135],"scheme":[140],"can":[141],"be":[142],"very":[143],"promising":[144],"many":[146],"surveillance":[149],"applications":[150],"future.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
