{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2953913472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bloc.2019.8751388","title":"Trinity: A Byzantine Fault-Tolerant Distributed Publish-Subscribe System with Immutable Blockchain-based Persistence","display_name":"Trinity: A Byzantine Fault-Tolerant Distributed Publish-Subscribe System with Immutable Blockchain-based Persistence","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2953913472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bloc.2019.8751388","mag":"2953913472"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/bloc.2019.8751388","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bloc.2019.8751388","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052323077","display_name":"Gowri Ramachandran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5944-1335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gowri Sankar Ramachandran","raw_affiliation_strings":["USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091685640","display_name":"Kwame-Lante Wright","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9379-1344"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kwame-Lante Wright","raw_affiliation_strings":["USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055759503","display_name":"Licheng Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Licheng Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008293689","display_name":"Pavas Navaney","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pavas Navaney","raw_affiliation_strings":["USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115597910","display_name":"Muhammad Naveed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6935-8479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Naveed","raw_affiliation_strings":["USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063784062","display_name":"Bhaskar Krishnamachari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9994-9931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1174212","display_name":"University of Southern California","ror":"https://ror.org/03taz7m60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhaskar Krishnamachari","raw_affiliation_strings":["USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109429112","display_name":"Jagjit Dhaliwal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1306134198","display_name":"Los Angeles County Department of Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/017dm4063","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306134198"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jagjit Dhaliwal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deputy CIO, Office of CIO, County of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deputy CIO, Office of CIO, County of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1306134198"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052323077"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1174212"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5978,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95238614,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"227","last_page":"235"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7958391904830933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byzantine-fault-tolerance","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","score":0.6638143062591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.6605474948883057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-database","display_name":"Distributed database","score":0.5871663093566895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/publication","display_name":"Publication","score":0.571300208568573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.5521631240844727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.475761353969574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immutability","display_name":"Immutability","score":0.46408674120903015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4392612874507904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ledger","display_name":"Ledger","score":0.43917882442474365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.42489200830459595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3979637920856476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3575638234615326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.35175108909606934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.08708634972572327}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7958391904830933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168021876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1353446","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","level":3,"score":0.6638143062591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.6605474948883057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70061542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989016","display_name":"Distributed database","level":2,"score":0.5871663093566895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41458344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q732577","display_name":"Publication","level":2,"score":0.571300208568573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.5521631240844727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.475761353969574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776126399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3942906","display_name":"Immutability","level":3,"score":0.46408674120903015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4392612874507904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91302708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732056","display_name":"Ledger","level":2,"score":0.43917882442474365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.42489200830459595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3979637920856476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3575638234615326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.35175108909606934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.08708634972572327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/bloc.2019.8751388","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bloc.2019.8751388","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41801118","https://openalex.org/W1980650074","https://openalex.org/W1984478483","https://openalex.org/W2003425182","https://openalex.org/W2005330588","https://openalex.org/W2016651705","https://openalex.org/W2073278524","https://openalex.org/W2098503488","https://openalex.org/W2098931293","https://openalex.org/W2102526983","https://openalex.org/W2124124285","https://openalex.org/W2124874701","https://openalex.org/W2146339751","https://openalex.org/W2156203721","https://openalex.org/W2234639732","https://openalex.org/W2470694705","https://openalex.org/W2964302640","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W6601633521","https://openalex.org/W6645370980","https://openalex.org/W6719987976","https://openalex.org/W6793285265"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1517747134","https://openalex.org/W2802479602","https://openalex.org/W2954977039","https://openalex.org/W4386576376","https://openalex.org/W1570380538","https://openalex.org/W4378965685","https://openalex.org/W2987300744","https://openalex.org/W2145120192","https://openalex.org/W2982322772","https://openalex.org/W4378218521"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Internet":[0],"of":[1,30,118,142,148,177,189,213],"Things":[2],"(IoT),":[3],"Supply":[4],"Chain":[5],"monitoring,":[6],"and":[7,20,108,131,151,161],"other":[8],"distributed":[9,102,152],"applications":[10],"rely":[11],"on":[12],"messaging":[13,27,38,70,196],"protocols":[14,150],"for":[15,82,209],"data":[16,46,114,134],"exchange.":[17],"Contemporary":[18],"IoT":[19],"enterprise":[21],"deployments":[22],"widely":[23],"use":[24,141,147,202,207],"the":[25,34,45,49,52,61,68,83,87,92,113,119,122,126,129,133,140,146,175,182,187,190,194,211],"publish-subscribe":[26,37,69,103,195],"model":[28,39,71],"because":[29],"its":[31],"resource-efficiency.":[32],"However,":[33],"systems":[35],"with":[36,91,105,193],"employ":[40],"a":[41,57,64,100,205],"centralized":[42,65],"architecture,":[43],"wherein":[44],"from":[47],"all":[48,125],"publishers":[50],"in":[51,121,128,135,204],"application":[53],"network":[54,123],"flows":[55],"via":[56],"central":[58],"broker":[59,88,104],"to":[60,73,89,116,124,201],"subscribers.":[62],"Such":[63],"architecture":[66],"makes":[67],"susceptible":[72],"Byzantine":[74,106],"failures.":[75],"For":[76],"example,":[77],"it":[78],"provides":[79],"an":[80,136],"opportunity":[81],"organization":[84],"that":[85,169,185],"owns":[86],"tamper":[90],"data.":[93],"In":[94],"this":[95],"work,":[96],"we":[97,199],"contribute":[98],"Trinity,":[99],"novel":[101],"fault-tolerance":[107],"blockchain-based":[109],"immutability.":[110],"Trinity":[111,155,170,180,203],"distributes":[112],"published":[115],"one":[117],"brokers":[120,127],"network,":[130],"stores":[132],"immutable":[137],"ledger":[138,153],"through":[139],"blockchain":[143,191],"technology.":[144],"Through":[145],"consensus":[149],"technology,":[154],"can":[156],"guarantee":[157],"ordering,":[158],"fault-tolerance,":[159],"persistence":[160],"immutability":[162],"across":[163],"trust":[164],"boundaries.Our":[165],"evaluation":[166],"results":[167],"show":[168],"consumes":[171],"minimal":[172],"resources.":[173],"To":[174],"best":[176],"our":[178],"knowledge,":[179],"is":[181],"first":[183],"framework":[184],"combines":[186],"components":[188],"technology":[192],"model.":[197],"Furthermore,":[198],"plan":[200],"real-world":[206],"case":[208],"increasing":[210],"transparency":[212],"racial":[214],"profiling.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}