{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2921055705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bloc.2019.8751290","title":"Weighted Voting on the Blockchain: Improving Consensus in Proof of Stake Protocols","display_name":"Weighted Voting on the Blockchain: Improving Consensus in Proof of Stake Protocols","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2921055705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bloc.2019.8751290","mag":"2921055705"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/bloc.2019.8751290","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bloc.2019.8751290","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048295129","display_name":"Stefanos Leonardos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1498-1490"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stefanos Leonardos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore University of Technology and Design"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018068523","display_name":"Dani\u00ebl Reijsbergen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6975-9275"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Reijsbergen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore University of Technology and Design"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079969658","display_name":"Georgios Piliouras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6236-3566"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios Piliouras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore University of Technology and Design"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048295129"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.2896,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95766257,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"376","last_page":"384"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting","display_name":"Voting","score":0.7678558230400085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7405408620834351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.4793175458908081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.45795759558677673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/majority-rule","display_name":"Majority rule","score":0.43596625328063965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.40448102355003357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.37925535440444946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22343745827674866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11027586460113525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.08300849795341492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.7678558230400085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7405408620834351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4793175458908081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.45795759558677673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153668964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27636","display_name":"Majority rule","level":2,"score":0.43596625328063965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.40448102355003357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.37925535440444946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22343745827674866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11027586460113525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.08300849795341492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/bloc.2019.8751290","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bloc.2019.8751290","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.8299999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W154851090","https://openalex.org/W851575271","https://openalex.org/W1488238968","https://openalex.org/W1523833175","https://openalex.org/W1788052381","https://openalex.org/W1907293129","https://openalex.org/W1963492191","https://openalex.org/W1991049646","https://openalex.org/W2032033178","https://openalex.org/W2101428583","https://openalex.org/W2126924915","https://openalex.org/W2136888943","https://openalex.org/W2139128546","https://openalex.org/W2143039680","https://openalex.org/W2150865801","https://openalex.org/W2157950620","https://openalex.org/W2269108872","https://openalex.org/W2399579591","https://openalex.org/W2465219533","https://openalex.org/W2474757114","https://openalex.org/W2508339054","https://openalex.org/W2571698069","https://openalex.org/W2573050643","https://openalex.org/W2604960219","https://openalex.org/W2613387059","https://openalex.org/W2738891482","https://openalex.org/W2739845435","https://openalex.org/W2763398287","https://openalex.org/W2766209351","https://openalex.org/W2767855054","https://openalex.org/W2791770565","https://openalex.org/W2794717484","https://openalex.org/W2795163135","https://openalex.org/W2804761533","https://openalex.org/W2810052072","https://openalex.org/W2811481615","https://openalex.org/W2886706106","https://openalex.org/W2888771478","https://openalex.org/W2890839900","https://openalex.org/W2948503935","https://openalex.org/W2953372288","https://openalex.org/W2962960889","https://openalex.org/W2963238309","https://openalex.org/W2963507231","https://openalex.org/W2963876942","https://openalex.org/W3102661748","https://openalex.org/W3137092842","https://openalex.org/W4244287138","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4289740686","https://openalex.org/W4295720133","https://openalex.org/W4297741778","https://openalex.org/W4297817513","https://openalex.org/W4300127641","https://openalex.org/W6606249588","https://openalex.org/W6631441790","https://openalex.org/W6638089345","https://openalex.org/W6680553629","https://openalex.org/W6681471939","https://openalex.org/W6712657342","https://openalex.org/W6720775769","https://openalex.org/W6725128969","https://openalex.org/W6731874176","https://openalex.org/W6732306980","https://openalex.org/W6736607274","https://openalex.org/W6740384779","https://openalex.org/W6745143538","https://openalex.org/W6745563861","https://openalex.org/W6749169122","https://openalex.org/W6750265032","https://openalex.org/W6751863534","https://openalex.org/W6753207536","https://openalex.org/W6753751735"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2787993192","https://openalex.org/W2103111323","https://openalex.org/W2372403409","https://openalex.org/W3125543343","https://openalex.org/W3121841074","https://openalex.org/W2901018557","https://openalex.org/W2055572829","https://openalex.org/W1894159578","https://openalex.org/W4297796115","https://openalex.org/W3125086856"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Proof":[0],"of":[1,20,143,157],"Stake":[2],"(PoS)":[3],"protocols":[4,41],"rely":[5],"on":[6,12,27],"voting":[7,72,85,98,111,145],"mechanisms":[8],"to":[9,36,44,96,118,154],"reach":[10],"consensus":[11,126],"the":[13,37,62,78,125,155],"current":[14,158],"state.":[15],"If":[16],"an":[17],"enhanced":[18],"majority":[19,110],"staking":[21],"nodes,":[22],"also":[23],"called":[24],"validators,":[25],"agree":[26],"a":[28,91],"proposed":[29],"block,":[30],"then":[31],"this":[32,105],"block":[33,79],"is":[34,128],"appended":[35],"blockchain.":[38],"Yet,":[39],"these":[40],"remain":[42],"vulnerable":[43],"faults":[45,59],"caused":[46],"by":[47,90],"validators":[48],"who":[49],"abstain":[50],"either":[51],"accidentally":[52],"or":[53],"maliciously.":[54],"To":[55],"protect":[56],"against":[57],"such":[58],"while":[60],"retaining":[61],"PoS":[63,159],"selection":[64],"and":[65,82,100,122,141,150],"reward":[66],"allocation":[67],"schemes,":[68],"we":[69,88,107],"study":[70],"weighted":[71,109,144],"in":[73,146],"validator":[74],"committees.":[75],"We":[76,137],"formalize":[77],"creation":[80],"process":[81],"introduce":[83],"validators'":[84,97,132],"profiles":[86],"which":[87],"update":[89],"multiplicative":[92],"weights":[93],"algorithm":[94],"relative":[95],"behavior":[99],"aggregate":[101],"blockchain":[102],"rewards.":[103],"Using":[104],"framework,":[106],"leverage":[108],"rules":[112],"that":[113,124],"optimize":[114],"collective":[115],"decision":[116],"making":[117],"show,":[119],"both":[120],"numerically":[121],"analytically,":[123],"mechanism":[127],"more":[129],"robust":[130],"if":[131],"votes":[133],"are":[134],"appropriately":[135],"scaled.":[136],"raise":[138],"potential":[139],"issues":[140],"limitations":[142],"trustless,":[147],"decentralized":[148],"networks":[149],"relate":[151],"our":[152],"results":[153],"design":[156],"protocols.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-04-03T22:45:19.894376","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
