{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415179583","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/blackseacom65655.2025.11193948","title":"Offloading Encrypted C2 Traffic Mitigation to SmartNICs","display_name":"Offloading Encrypted C2 Traffic Mitigation to SmartNICs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415179583","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/blackseacom65655.2025.11193948"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/blackseacom65655.2025.11193948","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/blackseacom65655.2025.11193948","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Black Sea Conference on Communications and Networking (BlackSeaCom)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046451709","display_name":"Ali Mazloum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5982-8393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143490","display_name":"Computing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0557kgc34","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035","https://openalex.org/I4210143490","https://openalex.org/I4210148470"]}],"countries":["RU","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ali Mazloum","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of South Carolina (USC),Molinaroli College of Engineering and Computing"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of South Carolina (USC),Molinaroli College of Engineering and Computing","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143490","https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002648936","display_name":"Elie Kfoury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1236-6168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143490","display_name":"Computing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0557kgc34","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035","https://openalex.org/I4210143490","https://openalex.org/I4210148470"]}],"countries":["RU","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elie Kfoury","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of South Carolina (USC),Molinaroli College of Engineering and Computing"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of South Carolina (USC),Molinaroli College of Engineering and Computing","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143490","https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098672746","display_name":"Samia Choueiri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5537-0647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143490","display_name":"Computing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0557kgc34","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035","https://openalex.org/I4210143490","https://openalex.org/I4210148470"]}],"countries":["RU","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samia Choueiri","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of South Carolina (USC),Molinaroli College of Engineering and Computing"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of South Carolina (USC),Molinaroli College of Engineering and Computing","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143490","https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074094953","display_name":"Ali AlSabeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7063-4840"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8645926","display_name":"University of South Carolina Aiken","ror":"https://ror.org/02d9k9g58","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8645926"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali AlSabeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of South Carolina Aiken (USCA),College of Sciences and Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of South Carolina Aiken (USCA),College of Sciences and Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8645926"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058298121","display_name":"Jorge Crichigno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6705-5300"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155781252","display_name":"University of South Carolina","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6qw903","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155781252"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143490","display_name":"Computing Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0557kgc34","country_code":"RU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313323035","https://openalex.org/I4210143490","https://openalex.org/I4210148470"]}],"countries":["RU","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jorge Crichigno","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of South Carolina (USC),Molinaroli College of Engineering and Computing"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of South Carolina (USC),Molinaroli College of Engineering and Computing","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143490","https://openalex.org/I155781252"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046451709"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155781252","https://openalex.org/I4210143490"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.31839993,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.7785000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-packet-inspection","display_name":"Deep packet inspection","score":0.6452999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.5001999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.48100000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.45339998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.428600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.33250001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-layer","display_name":"Application layer","score":0.3246999979019165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.7785000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7160999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204679922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q734252","display_name":"Deep packet inspection","level":3,"score":0.6452999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.5001999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.48100000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.45339998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.428600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4099000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3386000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.337799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.33250001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190793597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189768","display_name":"Application layer","level":3,"score":0.3246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.32120001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138827492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6661985","display_name":"Data processing","level":2,"score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10511746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899388","display_name":"Data security","level":3,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527821871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228502","display_name":"Access control","level":2,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781317605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832483","display_name":"Traffic analysis","level":2,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.29269999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169988225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832484","display_name":"Traffic classification","level":3,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10597312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5473302","display_name":"Forwarding plane","level":3,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7345512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209372","display_name":"Transport layer","level":3,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/blackseacom65655.2025.11193948","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/blackseacom65655.2025.11193948","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Black Sea Conference on Communications and Networking (BlackSeaCom)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3045573694","https://openalex.org/W3105087971","https://openalex.org/W4210984003","https://openalex.org/W4396987591","https://openalex.org/W4402957849","https://openalex.org/W4414539269"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"command":[1],"and":[2,88],"control":[3],"(C2)":[4],"traffic":[5,37],"increasingly":[6],"adopts":[7],"the":[8,42,62,86],"Transport":[9],"Layer":[10],"Security":[11],"(TLS)":[12],"protocol,":[13],"traditional":[14],"detection":[15],"methods":[16],"relying":[17],"on":[18,61,100],"deep":[19],"packet":[20],"inspection":[21],"(DPI)":[22],"become":[23],"ineffective.":[24],"Machine":[25],"learning":[26],"(ML)":[27],"classifiers":[28],"offer":[29],"a":[30,90,106],"promising":[31],"alternative":[32],"by":[33],"identifying":[34],"encrypted":[35,74],"C2":[36,75],"without":[38],"inspecting":[39],"payloads.":[40],"At":[41],"same":[43],"time,":[44],"modern":[45],"smart":[46],"network":[47],"interface":[48],"cards":[49],"(smartNICs)":[50],"provide":[51],"advanced":[52],"processing":[53,111],"capabilities,":[54],"allowing":[55],"security":[56],"applications":[57],"to":[58,68,84],"run":[59],"directly":[60],"hardware.":[63],"This":[64],"paper":[65],"leverages":[66],"smartNICs":[67],"implement":[69,89],"an":[70],"ML":[71],"classifier":[72],"for":[73],"detection.":[76],"Data":[77],"plane":[78],"development":[79],"kit":[80],"(DPDK)":[81],"is":[82],"used":[83],"program":[85],"smartNIC":[87],"random":[91],"forest":[92],"(RF)":[93],"model.":[94],"The":[95],"system":[96],"achieves":[97],"99.9%":[98],"accuracy":[99],"publicly":[101],"available":[102],"datasets":[103],"while":[104],"sustaining":[105],"50Gbps":[107],"throughput":[108],"with":[109],"minimal":[110],"overhead.":[112]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-12T08:28:47.272897","created_date":"2025-10-15T00:00:00"}