{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415179812","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/blackseacom65655.2025.11193937","title":"DQRL: A Directed Acyclic Graph and RL-Based Framework for QoS-Centric Routing in Multi SDNs","display_name":"DQRL: A Directed Acyclic Graph and RL-Based Framework for QoS-Centric Routing in Multi SDNs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415179812","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/blackseacom65655.2025.11193937"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/blackseacom65655.2025.11193937","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/blackseacom65655.2025.11193937","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Black Sea Conference on Communications and Networking (BlackSeaCom)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119998252","display_name":"Baris Kurtulus","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149218525","display_name":"Ankara University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wntqw50","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149218525"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baris Kurtulus","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI Technologies Graduate Program Ankara University,Ankara,Turkiye"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI Technologies Graduate Program Ankara University,Ankara,Turkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149218525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032838452","display_name":"Murat Karaku\u015f","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8893-7345"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149218525","display_name":"Ankara University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wntqw50","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149218525"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Murat Karakus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ankara University,Department of Software Engineering,Ankara,Turkiye"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ankara University,Department of Software Engineering,Ankara,Turkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149218525"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066907575","display_name":"Evrim G\u00fcler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7226-4748"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I254571519","display_name":"Bartin University","ror":"https://ror.org/03te4vd35","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I254571519"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evrim Guler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bartin University,Department of Computer Engineering,Bartin,T&#x00FC;rkiye"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bartin University,Department of Computer Engineering,Bartin,T&#x00FC;rkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I254571519"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.30372124,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9692000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directed-acyclic-graph","display_name":"Directed acyclic graph","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-routing","display_name":"Static routing","score":0.5647000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/link-state-routing-protocol","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","score":0.5091000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-based-routing","display_name":"Policy-based routing","score":0.49950000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-source-routing","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","score":0.46480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-routing","display_name":"Multipath routing","score":0.4577000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.43230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-routing","display_name":"Adaptive routing","score":0.4318000078201294}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6779000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74197172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195339","display_name":"Directed acyclic graph","level":2,"score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5666000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204948658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1119410","display_name":"Static routing","level":4,"score":0.5647000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89305328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","level":4,"score":0.5091000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196423136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7209671","display_name":"Policy-based routing","level":5,"score":0.49950000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9659607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268903","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","level":4,"score":0.46480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76522221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5035396","display_name":"Multipath routing","level":5,"score":0.4577000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.43230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24856439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352483","display_name":"Adaptive routing","level":5,"score":0.4318000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184896649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290066","display_name":"Routing table","level":4,"score":0.4228000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94600068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7371621","display_name":"Routing domain","level":5,"score":0.3961000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776955676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7371623","display_name":"Hybrid routing","level":5,"score":0.39430001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.3921000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186594467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1429176","display_name":"Flooding (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3752000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.3743000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195780805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1535986","display_name":"Metrics","level":5,"score":0.37400001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32244324","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680755","display_name":"Adaptive quality of service multi-hop routing","level":5,"score":0.33469998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177818476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12878103","display_name":"Hierarchical routing","level":5,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173870130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8548","display_name":"Dijkstra's algorithm","level":4,"score":0.3167000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146380142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137726","display_name":"Directed graph","level":2,"score":0.30640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984173633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22725","display_name":"Routing algorithm","level":4,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775896111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q642560","display_name":"Router","level":2,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115443555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5367790","display_name":"Equal-cost multi-path routing","level":5,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50558702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5535067","display_name":"Geographic routing","level":5,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47318570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8026863","display_name":"Wireless Routing Protocol","level":4,"score":0.26460000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52970973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2497134","display_name":"Adaptive system","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/blackseacom65655.2025.11193937","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/blackseacom65655.2025.11193937","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Black Sea Conference on Communications and Networking (BlackSeaCom)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2040340473","https://openalex.org/W2560178266","https://openalex.org/W2953064057","https://openalex.org/W3095022845","https://openalex.org/W3133158611","https://openalex.org/W4290047857","https://openalex.org/W4320525711","https://openalex.org/W4384887884","https://openalex.org/W4387265500","https://openalex.org/W4392450343"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,136],"growing":[1],"complexity":[2],"of":[3,16,141,151],"modern":[4],"networks":[5],"demands":[6],"adaptive":[7,68],"and":[8,26,34,60,67,81,97,116],"scalable":[9],"traffic":[10],"management":[11],"to":[12,37,39,64,78,147],"satisfy":[13],"diverse":[14],"Quality":[15],"Service":[17],"(QoS)":[18],"requirements.":[19],"While":[20],"Software-Defined":[21],"Networks":[22],"(SDNs)":[23],"provide":[24],"programmability":[25],"flexibility,":[27],"traditional":[28],"routing":[29,48,83,130],"algorithms":[30],"such":[31],"as":[32,74],"OSPF":[33],"Dijkstra":[35],"struggle":[36],"respond":[38],"dynamic":[40],"conditions.":[41],"This":[42],"study":[43],"proposes":[44],"a":[45,75],"novel":[46],"QoS-driven":[47],"framework,":[49],"DQRL,":[50],"integrating":[51],"Directed":[52],"Acyclic":[53],"Graph":[54],"(DAG)-based":[55],"Distributed":[56],"Ledger":[57],"Technology":[58],"(DLT)":[59],"Reinforcement":[61],"Learning":[62],"(RL)":[63],"enable":[65],"decentralized":[66,76],"routing.":[69,122,154],"DQRL":[70,127],"employs":[71],"DAG-based":[72,143],"DLT":[73,144],"ledger":[77],"maintain":[79],"distributed":[80],"up-to-date":[82],"information,":[84],"eliminating":[85],"centralized":[86],"dependencies.":[87],"Unlike":[88],"blockchain,":[89],"DAG":[90],"supports":[91],"parallel":[92],"transaction":[93],"validation,":[94],"reducing":[95,133],"latency":[96],"enhancing":[98],"scalability":[99],"for":[100],"real-time":[101],"networks.":[102],"RL,":[103],"particularly":[104],"Q-learning,":[105],"dynamically":[106],"selects":[107],"optimal":[108],"paths":[109],"using":[110],"QoS":[111],"metrics":[112],"like":[113],"bandwidth,":[114],"delay,":[115],"packet":[117],"loss,":[118],"ensuring":[119],"resilient":[120],"inter-AS":[121],"Experimental":[123],"results":[124],"demonstrate":[125],"that":[126],"improves":[128],"QoS-aware":[129],"performance":[131],"while":[132],"control":[134],"overhead.":[135],"findings":[137],"highlight":[138],"the":[139,149],"potential":[140],"combining":[142],"with":[145],"RL":[146],"meet":[148],"challenges":[150],"inter-domain":[152],"SDN":[153]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-15T00:00:00"}
