{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389777560","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/biosig58226.2023.10345982","title":"DEFT: A New Distance-Based Feature Set for Keystroke Dynamics","display_name":"DEFT: A New Distance-Based Feature Set for Keystroke Dynamics","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389777560","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/biosig58226.2023.10345982"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/biosig58226.2023.10345982","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/biosig58226.2023.10345982","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 International Conference of the Biometrics Special Interest Group (BIOSIG)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093503920","display_name":"Nuwan Kaluarachchi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802631561","display_name":"Australian Mathematical Sciences Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00yn60108","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802631561"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nuwan Kaluarachchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["STEM College, RMIT University,Mathematical Sciences,Melbourne,Australia","Mathematical Sciences, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia","CSIRO's Data61, Melbourne, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"STEM College, RMIT University,Mathematical Sciences,Melbourne,Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845","https://openalex.org/I2802631561"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematical Sciences, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIRO's Data61, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039145192","display_name":"Sevvandi Kandanaarachchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0337-0395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sevvandi Kandanaarachchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSIRO&#x0027;s Data61,Melbourne,Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIRO&#x0027;s Data61,Melbourne,Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083840610","display_name":"Kristen Moore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9239-5561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292875679","display_name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation","ror":"https://ror.org/03qn8fb07","country_code":"AU","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristen Moore","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSIRO&#x0027;s Data61,Melbourne,Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSIRO&#x0027;s Data61,Melbourne,Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I1292875679"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090823015","display_name":"Arathi Arakala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5515-175X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82951845","display_name":"RMIT University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ttjf776","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802631561","display_name":"Australian Mathematical Sciences Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00yn60108","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802631561"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arathi Arakala","raw_affiliation_strings":["STEM College, RMIT University,Mathematical Sciences,Melbourne,Australia","Mathematical Sciences, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"STEM College, RMIT University,Mathematical Sciences,Melbourne,Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845","https://openalex.org/I2802631561"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematical Sciences, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82951845"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5093503920"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2802631561","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I82951845"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.29827424,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keystroke-dynamics","display_name":"Keystroke dynamics","score":0.9745162129402161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7720006704330444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/keystroke-logging","display_name":"Keystroke logging","score":0.758073091506958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.6697589755058289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.6363089680671692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.6052976846694946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5935561060905457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.4663025438785553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamics","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","score":0.45285728573799133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4458249807357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4292134940624237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.4170653522014618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.41022804379463196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.39928632974624634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.39270955324172974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.11782878637313843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.117190420627594}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79540074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269465","display_name":"Keystroke dynamics","level":4,"score":0.9745162129402161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7720006704330444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161615301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309396","display_name":"Keystroke logging","level":2,"score":0.758073091506958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.6697589755058289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6363089680671692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.6052976846694946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5935561060905457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.4663025438785553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145912823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113558","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","level":2,"score":0.45285728573799133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4458249807357788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4292134940624237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.4170653522014618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.41022804379463196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.39928632974624634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.39270955324172974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.11782878637313843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.117190420627594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4957475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242186","display_name":"S/KEY","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/biosig58226.2023.10345982","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/biosig58226.2023.10345982","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 International Conference of the Biometrics Special Interest Group (BIOSIG)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6000000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2575313616","https://openalex.org/W2582443164","https://openalex.org/W2588062372","https://openalex.org/W3013808539","https://openalex.org/W3015679964","https://openalex.org/W3018691868","https://openalex.org/W3027363955","https://openalex.org/W3044729815","https://openalex.org/W3081352712","https://openalex.org/W3160741581","https://openalex.org/W3164764535","https://openalex.org/W3199069885","https://openalex.org/W4200469005","https://openalex.org/W4224225237","https://openalex.org/W4252229486","https://openalex.org/W4288026636","https://openalex.org/W4309773753","https://openalex.org/W6769973090","https://openalex.org/W6771521328"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3185561589","https://openalex.org/W1917645424","https://openalex.org/W1966864883","https://openalex.org/W1563893514","https://openalex.org/W274642192","https://openalex.org/W4283259439","https://openalex.org/W2095735921","https://openalex.org/W2545016324","https://openalex.org/W2982224826","https://openalex.org/W2130313211"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Keystroke":[0],"dynamics":[1],"is":[2,98],"a":[3,14,28,43,71,81],"behavioural":[4],"biometric":[5],"utilised":[6],"for":[7],"user":[8],"identification":[9],"and":[10,54,116,140],"authentication.":[11],"We":[12,39,79,134],"propose":[13],"new":[15],"set":[16],"of":[17],"features":[18,62,87],"based":[19],"on":[20,25,51,146],"the":[21,26,47,52,122],"distance":[22,48],"between":[23,49],"keys":[24,50],"keyboard,":[27],"concept":[29],"that":[30],"has":[31],"not":[32],"been":[33],"considered":[34],"before":[35],"in":[36],"keystroke":[37,92],"dynamics.":[38],"combine":[40],"flight":[41],"times,":[42],"popular":[44],"metric,":[45],"with":[46,88],"keyboard":[53],"call":[55],"them":[56],"as":[57],"Distance":[58],"Enhanced":[59],"Flight":[60],"Time":[61],"(DEFT).":[63],"This":[64],"novel":[65],"approach":[66],"provides":[67],"comprehensive":[68],"insights":[69],"into":[70],"person's":[72],"typing":[73,76],"behaviour,":[74],"surpassing":[75],"velocity":[77],"alone.":[78],"build":[80],"DEFT":[82,86,96,119],"model":[83,97,120],"by":[84],"combining":[85],"other":[89],"previously":[90],"used":[91,112],"dynamic":[93],"features.":[94],"The":[95,118],"designed":[99],"to":[100,105],"be":[101],"device-agnostic,":[102],"allowing":[103],"us":[104],"evaluate":[106,128],"its":[107,129],"effectiveness":[108,130],"across":[109,131],"three":[110,148],"commonly":[111],"devices:":[113],"desktop,":[114],"mobile,":[115],"tablet.":[117],"outperforms":[121],"existing":[123],"state-of-the-art":[124],"methods":[125],"when":[126],"we":[127],"two":[132],"datasets.":[133],"obtain":[135],"accuracy":[136],"rates":[137,143],"exceeding":[138],"99%":[139],"equal":[141],"error":[142],"below":[144],"10%":[145],"all":[147],"devices.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-25T23:11:45.687758","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
