{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4297337000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/biosig55365.2022.9897034","title":"When do the images of biometric characteristics qualify as special categories of data under the GDPR?: a systemic approach to biometric data processing","display_name":"When do the images of biometric characteristics qualify as special categories of data under the GDPR?: a systemic approach to biometric data processing","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4297337000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/biosig55365.2022.9897034"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/biosig55365.2022.9897034","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/biosig55365.2022.9897034","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 International Conference of the Biometrics Special Interest Group (BIOSIG)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034489683","display_name":"Bilgesu Sumer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bilgesu Sumer","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven CiTiP,Leuven,Belgium","KU Leuven CiTiP, Leuven, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven CiTiP,Leuven,Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven CiTiP, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034489683"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3733,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90391471,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9793999791145325,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9793999791145325,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12921","display_name":"European Criminal Justice and Data Protection","score":0.9589999914169312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.9581999778747559,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.8497128486633301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometric-data","display_name":"Biometric data","score":0.6988198161125183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5942571759223938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-data-protection-regulation","display_name":"General Data Protection Regulation","score":0.5875555872917175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-protection-act-1998","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","score":0.4931878447532654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/status-quo","display_name":"Status quo","score":0.48829054832458496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.38359713554382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.33356279134750366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.2874942421913147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.18302494287490845}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.8497128486633301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989513435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometric data","level":3,"score":0.6988198161125183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5942571759223938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3090818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172506","display_name":"General Data Protection Regulation","level":3,"score":0.5875555872917175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69360830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172237","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","level":2,"score":0.4931878447532654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776748549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201610","display_name":"Status quo","level":2,"score":0.48829054832458496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.38359713554382324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.33356279134750366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2874942421913147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.18302494287490845}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/biosig55365.2022.9897034","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/biosig55365.2022.9897034","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 International Conference of the Biometrics Special Interest Group (BIOSIG)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/703030","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/20.500.12942/703030/2/When_do_the_images_of_biometric_characteristics_qualify_as_special_categories_of_data_under_the_GDPR_a_systemic_approach_to_biometric_data_processing.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2022 International Conference of the Biometrics Special Interest Group (BIOSIG), Darmstadt, 14-16 September 2022","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:20.500.12942/750825","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/20.500.12942/750825","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.6299999952316284}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3024241277","https://openalex.org/W2090587997","https://openalex.org/W2062217420","https://openalex.org/W2577973227","https://openalex.org/W2134390665","https://openalex.org/W2177173843","https://openalex.org/W4205146637","https://openalex.org/W2811421391","https://openalex.org/W4247090063","https://openalex.org/W3203723089"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"legal":[1,44,81,100],"scholars":[2],"observed,":[3],"the":[4,10,20,24,47,53,68,97,107,114,121,125,128,133,141,152,155],"definition":[5,22,45],"of":[6,36,41,49,62,70,80,102,124,132,143,154],"biometric":[7,29,32,50,103],"data":[8,13,30,55,104,126,130,157],"in":[9,23,109],"GDPR":[11,108],"(General":[12],"protection":[14],"regulation)":[15],"is":[16],"not":[17,65],"aligned":[18],"with":[19],"technical":[21,98],"international":[25],"standards,":[26],"which":[27],"define":[28],"as":[31,84],"samples,":[33],"or":[34],"aggregation":[35],"them":[37],"at":[38],"any":[39],"stage":[40],"processing.":[42],"The":[43],"excludes":[46],"images":[48,69],"characteristics":[51,71],"from":[52],"sensitive":[54,129,156],"regime":[56,131],"under":[57,90,127],"Article":[58,91],"9":[59],"(special":[60],"categories":[61],"data).":[63],"If":[64],"considered":[66],"sensitive,":[67],"can":[72,148],"be":[73],"processed":[74],"based":[75],"on":[76],"a":[77],"broad":[78],"category":[79],"grounds,":[82],"such":[83],"legitimate":[85],"interests,":[86],"including":[87],"marketing":[88],"purposes":[89],"6.":[92],"This":[93],"article":[94],"looks":[95],"beyond":[96],"and":[99,105,145],"definitions":[101],"interprets":[106],"two":[110],"ways":[111],"to":[112],"address":[113],"confusing":[115],"status":[116],"quo.":[117],"First,":[118],"it":[119,136,147],"dissects":[120],"objective":[122],"nature":[123],"GDPR.":[134],"Second,":[135],"will":[137],"systemically":[138],"inquire":[139],"about":[140],"meaning":[142],"purpose":[144],"how":[146],"help":[149],"us":[150],"understand":[151],"margins":[153],"regime.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}