{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403675772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/biorob60516.2024.10719906","title":"Exploring PEMFCs for Powering Untethered Small-Scale Robots","display_name":"Exploring PEMFCs for Powering Untethered Small-Scale Robots","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403675772","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/biorob60516.2024.10719906"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/biorob60516.2024.10719906","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/biorob60516.2024.10719906","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 10th IEEE RAS/EMBS International Conference for Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/df234411-060e-4672-a5a2-6bb9c5d8f822","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030770925","display_name":"A. Manikandan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aiswarya Lakshmi Manikandan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), University of Twente,Faculty of Electrical Engineering,AE Enschede,The Netherlands,7500"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), University of Twente,Faculty of Electrical Engineering,AE Enschede,The Netherlands,7500","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061076608","display_name":"Berfin G\u00fcrbo\u011fa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5069-0212"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16748637","display_name":"Manisa Celal Bayar University","ror":"https://ror.org/053f2w588","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16748637"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Berfin G\u00fcrbo\u011fa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Man-isa Celal Bayar University,Faculty of Engineering,Manisa,T&#x00FC;rkiye,4500"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Man-isa Celal Bayar University,Faculty of Engineering,Manisa,T&#x00FC;rkiye,4500","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16748637"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028256613","display_name":"Niko M\u00fcnzenrieder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4653-5927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171543936","display_name":"Free University of Bozen-Bolzano","ror":"https://ror.org/012ajp527","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171543936"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niko M\u00fcnzenrieder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Free University of Bozen-Bolzano,Faculty of Engineering,Bozen-Bolzano,Italy,39100"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Free University of Bozen-Bolzano,Faculty of Engineering,Bozen-Bolzano,Italy,39100","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171543936"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003947889","display_name":"Akash Raman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0016-2539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akash Raman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente,Faculty of Science and Technology,AE Enschede,The Netherlands,7500"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente,Faculty of Science and Technology,AE Enschede,The Netherlands,7500","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028167465","display_name":"Han Gardeniers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0581-2668"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han J. G. E. Gardeniers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente,Faculty of Science and Technology,AE Enschede,The Netherlands,7500"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente,Faculty of Science and Technology,AE Enschede,The Netherlands,7500","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020328035","display_name":"Arturo Susarrey\u2010Arce","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2572-223X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arturo Susarrey-Arce","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente,Faculty of Science and Technology,AE Enschede,The Netherlands,7500"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente,Faculty of Science and Technology,AE Enschede,The Netherlands,7500","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043830254","display_name":"L\u00e9on Abelmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9733-1230"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leon Abelmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), University of Twente,Faculty of Electrical Engineering,AE Enschede,The Netherlands,7500"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS), University of Twente,Faculty of Electrical Engineering,AE Enschede,The Netherlands,7500","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014013189","display_name":"Islam S. M. Khalil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0617-088X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Islam S. M. Khalil","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Twente,Department of Biomechanical Engineering,En-schede,AE,The Netherlands,7500"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Twente,Department of Biomechanical Engineering,En-schede,AE,The Netherlands,7500","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17436233,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"753","last_page":"760"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12046","display_name":"MXene and MAX Phase Materials","score":0.9811000227928162,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.7017234563827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.5879204273223877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5161891579627991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-robot","display_name":"Mobile robot","score":0.45810580253601074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.35221266746520996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23581433296203613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.12036651372909546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.7017234563827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5879204273223877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5161891579627991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19966478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574","display_name":"Mobile robot","level":3,"score":0.45810580253601074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.35221266746520996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23581433296203613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12036651372909546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/biorob60516.2024.10719906","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/biorob60516.2024.10719906","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 10th IEEE RAS/EMBS International Conference for Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire_cris_publications/df234411-060e-4672-a5a2-6bb9c5d8f822","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/df234411-060e-4672-a5a2-6bb9c5d8f822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lakshmi Manikandan, A, Gurboga, B, M\u00fcnzenrieder, N, Raman, A, Gardeniers, H J G E, Susarrey-Arce, A, Abelmann, L & S.M. Khalil, I 2024, Exploring PEMFCs for Powering Untethered Small-Scale Robots. in 2024 10th IEEE RAS/EMBS International Conference for Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob). Proceedings IEEE RAS/EMBS International Conference for Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob), no. 10, vol. 2024, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, pp. 753-760. https://doi.org/10.1109/BioRob60516.2024.10719906","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:unibz.it:11328455120001241","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://bia.unibz.it/esploro/outputs/conferenceProceeding/Exploring-PEMFCs-for-Powering-Untethered-Small-Scale/991006921224701241","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197018","display_name":"View","issn_l":"2688-268X","issn":["2688-268X","2688-3988"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Proceedings"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire_cris_publications/df234411-060e-4672-a5a2-6bb9c5d8f822","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/df234411-060e-4672-a5a2-6bb9c5d8f822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Lakshmi Manikandan, A, Gurboga, B, M\u00fcnzenrieder, N, Raman, A, Gardeniers, H J G E, Susarrey-Arce, A, Abelmann, L & S.M. Khalil, I 2024, Exploring PEMFCs for Powering Untethered Small-Scale Robots. in 2024 10th IEEE RAS/EMBS International Conference for Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob). Proceedings IEEE RAS/EMBS International Conference for Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob), no. 10, vol. 2024, IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, pp. 753-760. https://doi.org/10.1109/BioRob60516.2024.10719906","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321015","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323698","display_name":"Radboud Universitair Medisch Centrum","ror":"https://ror.org/05wg1m734"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982586242","https://openalex.org/W2018466620","https://openalex.org/W2037733696","https://openalex.org/W2043367607","https://openalex.org/W2080791465","https://openalex.org/W2089782836","https://openalex.org/W2108404353","https://openalex.org/W2133938281","https://openalex.org/W2161168135","https://openalex.org/W2613716454","https://openalex.org/W2916514847","https://openalex.org/W2944033464","https://openalex.org/W2946112240","https://openalex.org/W2972081878","https://openalex.org/W3158663241","https://openalex.org/W4220968146","https://openalex.org/W4282983182","https://openalex.org/W4294338861","https://openalex.org/W4389665432"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2122871747","https://openalex.org/W3114279067"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Magnetically":[0],"guided":[1],"untethered":[2,77,239],"devices":[3,13,34,78],"are":[4,14,25],"used":[5,216],"in":[6,69,76],"a":[7,26,39,55,117],"variety":[8],"of":[9,50,63,85,94,150,161,185,198,209,235],"medical":[10],"applications.":[11],"These":[12],"typically":[15],"powered":[16],"by":[17],"onboard":[18],"battery":[19],"units.":[20],"Hydrogen":[21],"fuel":[22,146,200],"cells":[23],"(FC)":[24],"promising":[27],"alternative":[28],"power":[29,45,159,218,238],"source":[30],"for":[31,73],"such":[32],"small-scale":[33],"since":[35],"they":[36],"rely":[37],"on":[38],"sustainable":[40],"fuels":[41],"which":[42],"produce":[43],"electric":[44],"from":[46,116],"the":[47,61,65,83,87,92,106,177,186,189,195,199,233],"redox":[48],"reaction":[49],"hydrogen":[51],"and":[52,79,104,136,143,155,170],"oxygen":[53],"across":[54],"proton":[56],"exchange":[57],"membrane":[58],"(PEM).":[59],"Understanding":[60],"impact":[62],"decreasing":[64],"active":[66,100,123,207],"electrode":[67,124],"area":[68,101,208],"FCs":[70,75,96,236],"is":[71,102,108],"crucial":[72],"deploying":[74],"gaining":[80],"insights":[81,193],"into":[82,194],"challenges":[84],"downscaling":[86],"devices.":[88,240],"This":[89,229],"paper":[90],"investigates":[91],"performance":[93],"PEM":[95,118],"(PEMFCs)":[97],"when":[98,105],"their":[99],"reduced,":[103],"FC":[107,190],"supplied":[109],"with":[110,121,205],"reactants":[111],"at":[112],"different":[113],"flow":[114],"rates":[115],"electrolyzer.":[119],"PEMFCs":[120],"three":[122,178],"areas,":[125],"3.5":[126,128],"\u00d7":[127,211],"cm<sup":[129,133,138,213],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[130,134,139,164,168,173,214],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>,":[131,135,165,169],"2.7\u00d72.7":[132],"1.6\u00d71.6":[137],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>were":[140],"designed,":[141],"fabricated,":[142],"characterised.":[144],"Maximum":[145],"cell":[147],"output":[148],"powers":[149],"0.3":[151],"W,":[152,154],"0.09":[153],"0.03":[156],"W":[157],"(maximum":[158],"densities":[160],"0.025":[162],"W/cm<sup":[163,167,172],"0.012":[166],"0.013":[171],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>)":[174],"corresponding":[175],"to":[176,217,237],"aforementioned":[179],"areas":[180],"were":[181],"achieved.":[182],"Mathematical":[183],"modeling":[184],"PEMFC":[187,204],"simulated":[188],"response,":[191],"providing":[192],"activation":[196],"kinetics":[197],"cell.":[201],"The":[202],"smallest":[203],"an":[206,219],"1.6":[210,212],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>was":[215],"inductor":[220],"coil":[221],"(rated":[222],"130":[223],"mA,":[224],"150":[225],"mH,":[226],"8":[227],"\u03a9).":[228],"study":[230],"can":[231],"guide":[232],"development":[234]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}