{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312458353","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/biorob52689.2022.9925432","title":"Free-living Ambulatory Activity Classification: A Comparative Analysis of Wrist-worn, Insole-embedded, and Phone-embedded Sensors","display_name":"Free-living Ambulatory Activity Classification: A Comparative Analysis of Wrist-worn, Insole-embedded, and Phone-embedded Sensors","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312458353","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/biorob52689.2022.9925432"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/biorob52689.2022.9925432","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/biorob52689.2022.9925432","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608367","display_name":"2022 9th IEEE RAS/EMBS International Conference for Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 9th IEEE RAS/EMBS International Conference for Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046174279","display_name":"Ton T. H. Duong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2529-5875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108468826","display_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02z43xh36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ton T. H. Duong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stevens Inst. of Technology,Wearable Robotic Systems Lab,Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,Hoboken,NJ,US","Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Wearable Robotic Systems Lab, Stevens Inst. of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stevens Inst. of Technology,Wearable Robotic Systems Lab,Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,Hoboken,NJ,US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Wearable Robotic Systems Lab, Stevens Inst. of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032655554","display_name":"Leo Musacchia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108468826","display_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02z43xh36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leo Musacchia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stevens Inst. of Technology,Wearable Robotic Systems Lab,Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,Hoboken,NJ,US","Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Wearable Robotic Systems Lab, Stevens Inst. of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stevens Inst. of Technology,Wearable Robotic Systems Lab,Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,Hoboken,NJ,US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Wearable Robotic Systems Lab, Stevens Inst. of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026198591","display_name":"David Uher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4360-8801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799503643","display_name":"Columbia University Irving Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01esghr10","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799503643"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Uher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University Irving Medical Center,Dept. of Rehabilitation & Regenerative Medicine,New York,NY,US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University Irving Medical Center,Dept. of Rehabilitation & Regenerative Medicine,New York,NY,US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799503643"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017185598","display_name":"Jacqueline Montes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7357-0819"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799503643","display_name":"Columbia University Irving Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01esghr10","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799503643"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacqueline Montes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University Irving Medical Center,Dept. of Rehabilitation & Regenerative Medicine,New York,NY,US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University Irving Medical Center,Dept. of Rehabilitation & Regenerative Medicine,New York,NY,US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799503643"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086321664","display_name":"Damiano Zanotto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3514-6889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108468826","display_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02z43xh36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Damiano Zanotto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stevens Inst. of Technology,Wearable Robotic Systems Lab,Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,Hoboken,NJ,US","Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Wearable Robotic Systems Lab, Stevens Inst. of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stevens Inst. of Technology,Wearable Robotic Systems Lab,Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,Hoboken,NJ,US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Wearable Robotic Systems Lab, Stevens Inst. of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2949,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64130049,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":null,"first_page":"01","last_page":"06"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10352","display_name":"Physical Activity and Health","score":0.9801999926567078,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9562000036239624,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.7089242935180664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activity-recognition","display_name":"Activity recognition","score":0.645657479763031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.636161744594574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.5892603397369385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambulatory","display_name":"Ambulatory","score":0.5878920555114746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-measurement-unit","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","score":0.5703100562095642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phone","display_name":"Phone","score":0.5457288026809692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.439524382352829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.197088360786438}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.7089242935180664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121687571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677630","display_name":"Activity recognition","level":2,"score":0.645657479763031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.636161744594574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.5892603397369385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35785553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756720","display_name":"Ambulatory","level":2,"score":0.5878920555114746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79061980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941680","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","level":2,"score":0.5703100562095642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778707766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202064","display_name":"Phone","level":2,"score":0.5457288026809692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.439524382352829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.197088360786438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/biorob52689.2022.9925432","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/biorob52689.2022.9925432","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608367","display_name":"2022 9th IEEE RAS/EMBS International Conference for Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 9th IEEE RAS/EMBS International Conference for Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2982499414","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MDA629259","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308306","funder_display_name":"Muscular Dystrophy Association"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308306","display_name":"Muscular Dystrophy Association","ror":"https://ror.org/01frxsf98"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1588401315","https://openalex.org/W1594875270","https://openalex.org/W1840528038","https://openalex.org/W1973555673","https://openalex.org/W2017634428","https://openalex.org/W2042116582","https://openalex.org/W2055043978","https://openalex.org/W2105046342","https://openalex.org/W2132691216","https://openalex.org/W2140944144","https://openalex.org/W2153657339","https://openalex.org/W2513360763","https://openalex.org/W2550476060","https://openalex.org/W2604487953","https://openalex.org/W2664062929","https://openalex.org/W2730953469","https://openalex.org/W2741846309","https://openalex.org/W2758162149","https://openalex.org/W2794934809","https://openalex.org/W2947928278","https://openalex.org/W2963563124","https://openalex.org/W2990762148","https://openalex.org/W2995509945","https://openalex.org/W3033779083","https://openalex.org/W3047062693","https://openalex.org/W3093585932","https://openalex.org/W3093660933","https://openalex.org/W3132550222","https://openalex.org/W3139646219","https://openalex.org/W3152403802","https://openalex.org/W6635310694"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2091018038","https://openalex.org/W2225378543","https://openalex.org/W9839718","https://openalex.org/W3110613631","https://openalex.org/W4287122200","https://openalex.org/W2040913503","https://openalex.org/W3166845860","https://openalex.org/W2742744817","https://openalex.org/W3202472720","https://openalex.org/W3016838864"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wrist-worn":[0],"and":[1,20,29,76,91],"smartphone-embedded":[2],"inertial":[3,19],"sensors":[4,22,110,144,173],"are":[5],"among":[6],"the":[7,30,44,54,103,108,131,142,161,176],"most":[8],"widely":[9],"used":[10,96,123],"sensing":[11,49,72,133],"modalities":[12],"for":[13,87,102,181],"activity":[14,58,153,183],"classification.":[15,184],"Insoles":[16],"instrumented":[17,165],"with":[18,117,128,150,169],"force":[21],"have":[23],"also":[24],"become":[25],"available":[26],"to":[27,97,174],"researchers":[28],"general":[31],"public.":[32],"However,":[33],"little":[34],"is":[35,41],"known":[36],"about":[37],"how":[38],"classification":[39,59],"accuracy":[40,121,177],"affected":[42],"by":[43],"combination":[45,65,127,168],"of":[46,56,66,130,148,163,178],"these":[47],"three":[48],"modalities.":[50,134],"This":[51],"study":[52],"compares":[53],"performances":[55],"7":[57],"models,":[60],"each":[61,80],"relying":[62],"on":[63],"a":[64,70,82,151],"3,":[67],"2,":[68],"or":[69,125,171],"single":[71],"modality,":[73],"under":[74],"unstructured":[75,104],"free-living":[77,136],"conditions.":[78],"In":[79,135],"model,":[81],"genetic":[83],"algorithm":[84],"was":[85,95],"applied":[86],"optimal":[88],"feature":[89],"selection,":[90],"multi-session":[92],"leave-one-out":[93],"cross-validation":[94],"evaluate":[98],"model":[99],"performance.":[100],"Results":[101],"condition":[105],"indicated":[106],"that":[107,140],"insole-embedded":[109,143],"can":[111],"classify":[112],"six":[113],"common":[114],"ambulatory":[115,182],"activities":[116],"at":[118],"least":[119],"95%":[120],"when":[122],"alone":[124],"in":[126,167],"any":[129],"other":[132],"conditions,":[137],"sensor":[138],"combinations":[139],"included":[141],"demonstrated":[145],"high":[146],"levels":[147],"agreement":[149],"silver-standard":[152],"tracker.":[154],"These":[155],"results":[156],"provide":[157],"new":[158],"insights":[159],"into":[160],"feasibility":[162],"using":[164],"insoles":[166],"phone-embedded":[170],"wrist-worn":[172],"enhance":[175],"conventional":[179],"methods":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}