{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1997131218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/biocas.2012.6418469","title":"ISFET's threshold voltage control using bidirectional electron tunnelling","display_name":"ISFET's threshold voltage control using bidirectional electron tunnelling","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1997131218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/biocas.2012.6418469","mag":"1997131218"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/biocas.2012.6418469","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/biocas.2012.6418469","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027288935","display_name":"Abdulrahman Alahdal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9278-5527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109636","display_name":"NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/01kmhx639","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34931013","https://openalex.org/I4210109636"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulrahman Al-Ahdal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College, London, UK","Electr. Eng. Dept., Umm Al-Qura Univ., Makkah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109636","https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electr. Eng. Dept., Umm Al-Qura Univ., Makkah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069244062","display_name":"Pantelis Georgiou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2476-3857"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109636","display_name":"NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/01kmhx639","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34931013","https://openalex.org/I4210109636"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Georgiou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College, London, UK","Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Imperial Coll., London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109636","https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Imperial Coll., London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035891124","display_name":"C. Toumazou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8773-7360"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109636","display_name":"NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/01kmhx639","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34931013","https://openalex.org/I4210109636"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Toumazou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College, London, UK","Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Imperial Coll., London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109636","https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Imperial Coll., London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.08888889,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"172","last_page":"175"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11472","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry and Sensors","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1502","display_name":"Bioengineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11434","display_name":"Electrochemical Analysis and Applications","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1603","display_name":"Electrochemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10478","display_name":"Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isfet","display_name":"ISFET","score":0.9366740584373474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-tunnelling","display_name":"Quantum tunnelling","score":0.717936098575592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.6530557870864868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transistor","display_name":"Transistor","score":0.6524477601051331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.5769614577293396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/threshold-voltage","display_name":"Threshold voltage","score":0.545860230922699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitor","display_name":"Capacitor","score":0.5033904910087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-effect-transistor","display_name":"Field-effect transistor","score":0.4786321222782135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.4694706201553345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gate-oxide","display_name":"Gate oxide","score":0.44957175850868225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-gate","display_name":"Logic gate","score":0.4395199418067932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.3952593207359314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3919992446899414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3705676794052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.3327113091945648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20380297303199768}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154275363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q904133","display_name":"ISFET","level":5,"score":0.9366740584373474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120398109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175751","display_name":"Quantum tunnelling","level":2,"score":0.717936098575592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.6530557870864868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172385210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339","display_name":"Transistor","level":3,"score":0.6524477601051331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5769614577293396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195370968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754002","display_name":"Threshold voltage","level":4,"score":0.545860230922699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.5033904910087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145598152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176097","display_name":"Field-effect transistor","level":4,"score":0.4786321222782135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.4694706201553345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2361726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5527031","display_name":"Gate oxide","level":4,"score":0.44957175850868225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.4395199418067932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.3952593207359314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3919992446899414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3705676794052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3327113091945648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20380297303199768}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/biocas.2012.6418469","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/biocas.2012.6418469","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.6600000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982567665","https://openalex.org/W1998665022","https://openalex.org/W2022857669","https://openalex.org/W2071755726","https://openalex.org/W2098497082","https://openalex.org/W2119399232","https://openalex.org/W2133863162","https://openalex.org/W2151984008","https://openalex.org/W2167850060","https://openalex.org/W2490765418","https://openalex.org/W2545311598"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2544716403","https://openalex.org/W2063174160","https://openalex.org/W1997963871","https://openalex.org/W4250442938","https://openalex.org/W2333264988","https://openalex.org/W4250415373","https://openalex.org/W2022856681","https://openalex.org/W2031348296","https://openalex.org/W2307187547","https://openalex.org/W2083672075"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ion":[0],"sensitive":[1],"field":[2],"effect":[3],"transistors":[4],"(ISFETs)":[5],"built":[6],"in":[7,44,91],"standard":[8],"CMOS":[9],"technology":[10],"are":[11,63,75,99],"effectively":[12],"floating":[13,41,69,89,96],"gate":[14,42,70,90,97],"devices.":[15],"They":[16,74],"suffer":[17],"from":[18],"random":[19],"trapped":[20,121],"charges":[21,43,98],"that":[22],"alter":[23],"their":[24,83],"threshold":[25],"voltage":[26],"(V":[27],"<sub":[28,50],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[29,51],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">t</sub>":[30,52],").":[31],"This":[32],"paper":[33],"describes":[34],"one":[35],"way":[36],"to":[37,46,53,66,77,86],"program":[38],"an":[39],"ISFET's":[40,68,88],"order":[45],"bring":[47],"its":[48],"V":[49],"a":[54,92,102],"desirable":[55],"value":[56],"using":[57,101],"bidirectional":[58],"electron":[59],"tunnelling.":[60],"Two":[61],"inputs":[62],"capacitively":[64],"coupled":[65],"the":[67,87],"via":[71],"matched":[72],"capacitors.":[73],"used":[76],"indirectly":[78],"tunnel":[79],"opposite":[80],"currents":[81],"across":[82],"oxide":[84],"isolation":[85],"controlled":[93],"way.":[94],"The":[95],"programmed":[100],"balanced":[103],"combination":[104],"of":[105,117],"these":[106],"two":[107],"tunnelling":[108],"currents.":[109],"Measured":[110],"experimental":[111],"results":[112],"demonstrated":[113],"programmability":[114],"and":[115,119],"removal":[116],"positive":[118],"negative":[120],"charges.":[122]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
