{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406457882","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata62323.2024.10825695","title":"A Comparative Study of Large Language Models for Named Entity Recognition in the Legal Domain","display_name":"A Comparative Study of Large Language Models for Named Entity Recognition in the Legal Domain","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406457882","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata62323.2024.10825695"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/bigdata62323.2024.10825695","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata62323.2024.10825695","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003368121","display_name":"Tobias Deu\u00dfer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4685-0847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135140700","display_name":"University of Bonn","ror":"https://ror.org/041nas322","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Deu\u00dfer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bonn,Bonn,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bonn,Bonn,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019750202","display_name":"Cong Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7186-0567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135140700","display_name":"University of Bonn","ror":"https://ror.org/041nas322","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bonn,Bonn,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bonn,Bonn,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115904446","display_name":"Lorenz Sparrenberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135140700","display_name":"University of Bonn","ror":"https://ror.org/041nas322","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenz Sparrenberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bonn,Bonn,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bonn,Bonn,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090107422","display_name":"Daniel Uedelhoven","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144576","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04nc32781","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Uedelhoven","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IAIS,Sankt Augustin,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IAIS,Sankt Augustin,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102998018","display_name":"Armin Berger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1924-8401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135140700","display_name":"University of Bonn","ror":"https://ror.org/041nas322","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Armin Berger","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bonn,Bonn,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bonn,Bonn,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054556600","display_name":"Maren Pielka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9610-6026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135140700","display_name":"University of Bonn","ror":"https://ror.org/041nas322","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maren Pielka","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bonn,Bonn,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bonn,Bonn,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081939611","display_name":"Lars Hillebrand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5496-4177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144576","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04nc32781","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lars Hillebrand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IAIS,Sankt Augustin,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IAIS,Sankt Augustin,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003875445","display_name":"Christian Bauckhage","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6615-2128"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135140700","display_name":"University of Bonn","ror":"https://ror.org/041nas322","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Bauckhage","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bonn,Bonn,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bonn,Bonn,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064201630","display_name":"Rafet Sifa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6680-8210"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135140700","display_name":"University of Bonn","ror":"https://ror.org/041nas322","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafet Sifa","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bonn,Bonn,Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bonn,Bonn,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4892,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91703758,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"4737","last_page":"4742"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7508559823036194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6075313091278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/named-entity-recognition","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","score":0.555517852306366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5076032876968384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4878871440887451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09044736623764038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08659559488296509}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7508559823036194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6075313091278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779135771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q403574","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","level":3,"score":0.555517852306366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5076032876968384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4878871440887451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09044736623764038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08659559488296509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/bigdata62323.2024.10825695","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata62323.2024.10825695","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/483133","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/483133","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311649","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/036nq5137"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W40716904","https://openalex.org/W1623072288","https://openalex.org/W2509343702","https://openalex.org/W2888185184","https://openalex.org/W4206376421","https://openalex.org/W4285014497","https://openalex.org/W4317905944","https://openalex.org/W4360764576","https://openalex.org/W4366735603","https://openalex.org/W4367309853","https://openalex.org/W4376654293","https://openalex.org/W4385566950","https://openalex.org/W4385570946","https://openalex.org/W4385573834","https://openalex.org/W4385595254","https://openalex.org/W4385890215","https://openalex.org/W4387161959","https://openalex.org/W4388994251","https://openalex.org/W4391093139","https://openalex.org/W4391094171","https://openalex.org/W4391094766","https://openalex.org/W4391376914","https://openalex.org/W4391871294","https://openalex.org/W4392616695","https://openalex.org/W4393094733","https://openalex.org/W4395474395","https://openalex.org/W4400644823","https://openalex.org/W4401042286","https://openalex.org/W4402670253","https://openalex.org/W4402672024","https://openalex.org/W4402684284","https://openalex.org/W4404781459","https://openalex.org/W6757441328","https://openalex.org/W6775224794","https://openalex.org/W6852016728","https://openalex.org/W6853276200","https://openalex.org/W6855198122","https://openalex.org/W6860710830","https://openalex.org/W6861019778","https://openalex.org/W6861751540","https://openalex.org/W6861962533","https://openalex.org/W6862631004","https://openalex.org/W6865118152","https://openalex.org/W6871553294"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3017222382","https://openalex.org/W3128216712","https://openalex.org/W3204019825","https://openalex.org/W3136915866","https://openalex.org/W4390279576","https://openalex.org/W2983934248","https://openalex.org/W2886890203","https://openalex.org/W4313535650","https://openalex.org/W1605730749","https://openalex.org/W2287770975"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Named":[0,46],"Entity":[1,47],"Recognition":[2,48],"(NER)":[3],"in":[4,20,41,70,103,167],"the":[5,82,118,125,136,155],"legal":[6,21,45,63,96,110,139,148,168],"domain":[7],"presents":[8],"unique":[9],"challenges":[10],"due":[11],"to":[12,91],"specialized":[13],"terminology":[14],"and":[15,31,78,94,109,132,151,157,165],"complex":[16],"linguistic":[17],"structures":[18],"inherent":[19],"texts.":[22],"While":[23],"large":[24],"language":[25,37,170],"models":[26,114],"(LLMs)":[27],"like":[28,44,115],"GPT-4,":[29],"Llama-3,":[30],"others":[32],"have":[33],"significantly":[34],"advanced":[35],"natural":[36,169],"processing,":[38],"their":[39,89],"effectiveness":[40,137],"domain-specific":[42],"tasks":[43,65],"remains":[49],"underexplored.":[50],"This":[51,142],"study":[52,143],"conducts":[53],"a":[54],"comprehensive":[55],"comparative":[56],"analysis":[57],"of":[58,127,138,159],"eleven":[59],"state-of-the-art":[60],"LLMs":[61],"on":[62,88,135],"NER":[64,140,149],"across":[66,106],"seven":[67],"diverse":[68],"datasets":[69],"five":[71],"languages,":[72],"namely":[73],"English,":[74],"Portuguese,":[75],"German,":[76],"Turkish,":[77],"Ukrainian.":[79],"We":[80],"evaluate":[81],"models\u2019":[83],"performance":[84,105],"using":[85],"F1scores,":[86],"focusing":[87],"ability":[90],"accurately":[92],"identify":[93],"classify":[95],"entities.":[97],"Our":[98],"findings":[99],"reveal":[100],"significant":[101],"variability":[102],"LLM":[104],"different":[107],"languages":[108],"contexts,":[111],"with":[112],"proprietary":[113],"GPT-4":[116],"achieving":[117],"highest":[119],"overall":[120],"scores.":[121],"The":[122],"results":[123],"highlight":[124],"influence":[126],"model":[128],"architecture,":[129],"dataset":[130],"characteristics,":[131],"prompt":[133],"design":[134],"tasks.":[141],"provides":[144],"valuable":[145],"benchmarks":[146],"for":[147],"applications":[150],"offers":[152],"insights":[153],"into":[154],"strengths":[156],"limitations":[158],"current":[160],"LLMs,":[161],"guiding":[162],"future":[163],"research":[164],"development":[166],"processing.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}