{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406457828","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata62323.2024.10825159","title":"Fine-Tuning Large Language Models for Compliance Checks","display_name":"Fine-Tuning Large Language Models for Compliance Checks","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406457828","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata62323.2024.10825159"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/bigdata62323.2024.10825159","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata62323.2024.10825159","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110721074","display_name":"Thiago Bell","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144576","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04nc32781","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thiago Bell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IAIS,Sankt Augustin,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IAIS,Sankt Augustin,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091957484","display_name":"David Leonhard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4434-1889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144576","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04nc32781","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Leonhard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IAIS,Sankt Augustin,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IAIS,Sankt Augustin,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115904439","display_name":"Ali Hamza Bashir","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144576","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04nc32781","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Hamza Bashir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IAIS,Sankt Augustin,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IAIS,Sankt Augustin,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044214991","display_name":"Tim Dilmaghani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9134-7746"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Dilmaghani","raw_affiliation_strings":["PricewaterhouseCoopers GmbH,Düsseldorf,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PricewaterhouseCoopers GmbH,Düsseldorf,Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084289640","display_name":"M. Ben Khaled","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6765-1373"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Khaled","raw_affiliation_strings":["PricewaterhouseCoopers GmbH,Düsseldorf,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PricewaterhouseCoopers GmbH,Düsseldorf,Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062310416","display_name":"Ulrich Warning","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ulrich Warning","raw_affiliation_strings":["PricewaterhouseCoopers GmbH,Düsseldorf,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PricewaterhouseCoopers GmbH,Düsseldorf,Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026553005","display_name":"R\u00fcdiger Loitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6947-9956"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R\u00fcdiger Loitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["PricewaterhouseCoopers GmbH,Düsseldorf,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PricewaterhouseCoopers GmbH,Düsseldorf,Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115904440","display_name":"Sandra Halscheidt","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144576","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04nc32781","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandra Halscheidt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IAIS,Sankt Augustin,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IAIS,Sankt Augustin,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115904441","display_name":"Jana Birr","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144576","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04nc32781","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jana Birr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IAIS,Sankt Augustin,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IAIS,Sankt Augustin,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102998018","display_name":"Armin Berger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1924-8401"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144576","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04nc32781","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Armin Berger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IAIS,Sankt Augustin,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IAIS,Sankt Augustin,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064201630","display_name":"Rafet Sifa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6680-8210"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144576","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04nc32781","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafet Sifa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IAIS,Sankt Augustin,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IAIS,Sankt Augustin,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030431841","display_name":"David Berghaus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0740-154X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144576","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/04nc32781","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Berghaus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IAIS,Sankt Augustin,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IAIS,Sankt Augustin,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110721074"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144576"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6564,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88492658,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"8790","last_page":"8792"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10703","display_name":"Business Process Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10703","display_name":"Business Process Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9733999967575073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10927","display_name":"Access Control and Trust","score":0.9627000093460083,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.683853030204773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compliance","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","score":0.6573395133018494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3668947219848633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.0737898051738739}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.683853030204773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781460075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399332","display_name":"Compliance (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6573395133018494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3668947219848633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0737898051738739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/bigdata62323.2024.10825159","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata62323.2024.10825159","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/483087","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/483087","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311649","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/036nq5137"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2970641574","https://openalex.org/W2973794125","https://openalex.org/W2978017171","https://openalex.org/W4300485781","https://openalex.org/W4385595254","https://openalex.org/W4391093139","https://openalex.org/W4400526199","https://openalex.org/W6857120469"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2410395228","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W3125941065","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2484615095"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"auditing":[1],"of":[2,13,22,88],"financial":[3,29],"documents,":[4],"traditionally":[5],"a":[6,10,46,103],"labor-intensive":[7],"task,":[8],"is":[9,45,90],"promising":[11,126],"field":[12],"application":[14],"for":[15],"Artificial":[16],"Intelligence.":[17],"Recommendation":[18],"systems":[19],"are":[20,43],"capable":[21],"suggesting":[23],"the":[24,40,82],"most":[25],"relevant":[26],"passages":[27],"from":[28,56],"reports":[30],"that":[31,91,112],"meet":[32],"accounting":[33],"standards\u2019":[34],"legal":[35],"requirements.":[36],"However,":[37],"testing":[38],"if":[39],"compliance":[41,72],"requirements":[42],"satisfied":[44],"non-trivial":[47],"task.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50,54,99],"work,":[51],"we":[52,67,101,108],"tackle":[53],"problem":[55],"two":[57],"directions.":[58],"Our":[59,74],"first":[60],"approach":[61,105],"leverages":[62],"Large":[63],"Language":[64],"Models":[65],"which":[66,107],"fine-tune":[68],"specifically":[69],"f":[70],"or":[71],"checks.":[73],"results":[75],"show":[76,125],"an":[77],"improvement":[78],"in":[79,94,106],"performance":[80],"over":[81],"generic":[83],"baseline":[84],"LLMs.":[85],"A":[86],"disadvantage":[87],"LLMs":[89],"they":[92],"result":[93],"high":[95],"inference":[96],"costs.":[97,117],"For":[98],"reason,":[100],"explore":[102],"second":[104],"use":[109],"smaller":[110,120],"models":[111,123],"come":[113],"with":[114],"reduced":[115],"running":[116],"Despite":[118],"their":[119],"size,":[121],"these":[122],"also":[124],"predictive":[127],"performance.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T08:58:05.943551","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}