{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391094005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata59044.2023.10386242","title":"FOCAL: A Cost-Aware Video Dataset for Active Learning","display_name":"FOCAL: A Cost-Aware Video Dataset for Active Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391094005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata59044.2023.10386242"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/bigdata59044.2023.10386242","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata59044.2023.10386242","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059939248","display_name":"Kiran Kokilepersaud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6225-2455"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kiran Kokilepersaud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology,OLIVES at the Center for Signal and Information Processing CSIP, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Atlanta,GA,USA","OLIVES at the Center for Signal and Information Processing CSIP, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology,OLIVES at the Center for Signal and Information Processing CSIP, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Atlanta,GA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"OLIVES at the Center for Signal and Information Processing CSIP, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020618075","display_name":"Yash-Yee Logan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yash-Yee Logan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology,OLIVES at the Center for Signal and Information Processing CSIP, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Atlanta,GA,USA","OLIVES at the Center for Signal and Information Processing CSIP, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology,OLIVES at the Center for Signal and Information Processing CSIP, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Atlanta,GA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"OLIVES at the Center for Signal and Information Processing CSIP, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085156570","display_name":"Ryan Benkert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9634-9359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan Benkert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology,OLIVES at the Center for Signal and Information Processing CSIP, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Atlanta,GA,USA","OLIVES at the Center for Signal and Information Processing CSIP, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology,OLIVES at the Center for Signal and Information Processing CSIP, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Atlanta,GA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"OLIVES at the Center for Signal and Information Processing CSIP, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100643851","display_name":"Chen Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1962-6631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology,OLIVES at the Center for Signal and Information Processing CSIP, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Atlanta,GA,USA","OLIVES at the Center for Signal and Information Processing CSIP, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology,OLIVES at the Center for Signal and Information Processing CSIP, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Atlanta,GA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"OLIVES at the Center for Signal and Information Processing CSIP, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010958338","display_name":"Mohit Prabhushankar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8743-7058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohit Prabhushankar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology,OLIVES at the Center for Signal and Information Processing CSIP, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Atlanta,GA,USA","OLIVES at the Center for Signal and Information Processing CSIP, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology,OLIVES at the Center for Signal and Information Processing CSIP, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Atlanta,GA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"OLIVES at the Center for Signal and Information Processing CSIP, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006145139","display_name":"Ghassan AlRegib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6818-8001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghassan AlRegib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology,OLIVES at the Center for Signal and Information Processing CSIP, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Atlanta,GA,USA","OLIVES at the Center for Signal and Information Processing CSIP, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology,OLIVES at the Center for Signal and Information Processing CSIP, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Atlanta,GA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"OLIVES at the Center for Signal and Information Processing CSIP, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068699791","display_name":"Enrique Corona","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292974536","display_name":"Ford Motor Company (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2tkw06","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292974536"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enrique Corona","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ford Motor Company,Dearborn,Michigan","Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ford Motor Company,Dearborn,Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292974536"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292974536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010544769","display_name":"Kunjan Singh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292974536","display_name":"Ford Motor Company (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2tkw06","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292974536"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kunjan Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ford Motor Company,Dearborn,Michigan","Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ford Motor Company,Dearborn,Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292974536"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292974536"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061236880","display_name":"Mostafa Parchami","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292974536","display_name":"Ford Motor Company (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2tkw06","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292974536"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mostafa Parchami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ford Motor Company,Dearborn,Michigan","Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ford Motor Company,Dearborn,Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292974536"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292974536"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8158,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79245478,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1269","last_page":"1278"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11407","display_name":"Innovative Microfluidic and Catalytic Techniques Innovation","score":0.9641000032424927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9638000130653381,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7616776823997498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.6895426511764526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.6692751049995422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.5954546332359314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-learning","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","score":0.5272680521011353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.477211058139801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4653151035308838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.4117124676704407}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7616776823997498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.6895426511764526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.6692751049995422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5954546332359314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77967617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677561","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.5272680521011353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.477211058139801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4653151035308838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.4117124676704407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/bigdata59044.2023.10386242","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata59044.2023.10386242","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W569478347","https://openalex.org/W1580210754","https://openalex.org/W1607035479","https://openalex.org/W1632114991","https://openalex.org/W1872312298","https://openalex.org/W2011674654","https://openalex.org/W2016864559","https://openalex.org/W2076083849","https://openalex.org/W2076752034","https://openalex.org/W2096507791","https://openalex.org/W2114524997","https://openalex.org/W2117907414","https://openalex.org/W2133853925","https://openalex.org/W2136831404","https://openalex.org/W2142996775","https://openalex.org/W2163455955","https://openalex.org/W2166303184","https://openalex.org/W2166496241","https://openalex.org/W2546643512","https://openalex.org/W2598654328","https://openalex.org/W2767623047","https://openalex.org/W2774918944","https://openalex.org/W2903158431","https://openalex.org/W2948367246","https://openalex.org/W2951061410","https://openalex.org/W2952122856","https://openalex.org/W2963782415","https://openalex.org/W2963941635","https://openalex.org/W2989604896","https://openalex.org/W2994387618","https://openalex.org/W3108807663","https://openalex.org/W3120338137","https://openalex.org/W3127131334","https://openalex.org/W3158839228","https://openalex.org/W3195386208","https://openalex.org/W4283328581","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W4296548780","https://openalex.org/W4308236844","https://openalex.org/W4308238198","https://openalex.org/W4321780005","https://openalex.org/W4368232261","https://openalex.org/W4377235394","https://openalex.org/W6603594659","https://openalex.org/W6605658577","https://openalex.org/W6639393196","https://openalex.org/W6675206559","https://openalex.org/W6676984168","https://openalex.org/W6677657710","https://openalex.org/W6696479628","https://openalex.org/W6745907806","https://openalex.org/W6747231328","https://openalex.org/W6748682970","https://openalex.org/W6750227808","https://openalex.org/W6763607942","https://openalex.org/W6764588566","https://openalex.org/W6838831552","https://openalex.org/W6842955328"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2361861616","https://openalex.org/W2263699433","https://openalex.org/W2377979023","https://openalex.org/W2218034408","https://openalex.org/W2392921965","https://openalex.org/W2358755282","https://openalex.org/W2625833328","https://openalex.org/W1533177136","https://openalex.org/W4380994516","https://openalex.org/W2251519152"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,150,324,330,338],"paper,":[2],"we":[3],"introduce":[4,225],"the":[5,15,18,31,90,97,124,132,186,202,217,237,289,302,311],"FOCAL":[6],"(Ford-OLIVES":[7],"Collaboration":[8],"on":[9,275],"Active":[10],"Learning)":[11],"dataset":[12,204],"which":[13],"enables":[14],"study":[16],"of":[17,20,99,112,126,134,146,169,181,188,201,213,219,228,236,240,291],"impact":[19],"annotation-cost":[21,55,93,155,251],"within":[22,65,136],"a":[23,41,66,110,119,137,167,178,198,211,220,226,247,282],"video":[24,43,74,159,221,241],"active":[25,49,75,230,305,314],"learning":[26,50,76,231,306,315],"setting.":[27],"Annotation-cost":[28],"refers":[29],"to":[30,37,53,101,118,245],"time":[32],"it":[33],"takes":[34],"an":[35,127],"annotator":[36],"label":[38],"and":[39,86,131,144,172,191,252,299],"quality-assure":[40],"given":[42,67],"sequence.":[44,222],"A":[45],"practical":[46],"motivation":[47],"for":[48,81,157],"research":[51],"is":[52,207,308],"minimize":[54],"by":[56,152,262,294,317],"selectively":[57],"labeling":[58,129],"informative":[59],"samples":[60],"that":[61,92,116,183,205,233,301],"will":[62],"maximize":[63],"performance":[64,253],"budget":[68],"constraint.":[69],"However,":[70],"previous":[71],"work":[72],"in":[73,243,279],"lacks":[77],"real-time":[78],"annotation":[79],"labels":[80,156],"accurately":[82],"assessing":[83],"cost":[84,121,206],"minimization":[85],"instead":[87],"operates":[88],"under":[89],"assumption":[91,104],"scales":[94],"linearly":[95],"with":[96,166,210,323],"amount":[98],"data":[100,242,333],"annotate.":[102],"This":[103],"does":[105],"not":[106],"take":[107,234],"into":[108],"account":[109],"variety":[111,133,168,212],"real-world":[113],"confounding":[114],"factors":[115,214],"contribute":[117],"nonlinear":[120],"such":[122,139],"as":[123,140],"effect":[125],"assistive":[128],"tool":[130],"interactions":[135,182],"scene":[138],"occluded":[141],"objects,":[142],"weather,":[143,170],"motion":[145],"objects.":[147],"FOChL":[148,203],"addresses":[149],"discrepancy":[151],"providing":[153],"real":[154],"126":[158],"sequences":[160],"across":[161],"69":[162],"unique":[163],"city":[164],"scenes":[165],"lighting,":[171],"seasonal":[173],"conditions.":[174],"These":[175],"videos":[176,276],"have":[177],"wide":[179],"range":[180],"are":[184,277],"at":[185,263,329,337],"intersection":[187],"infrastructure-assisted":[189],"autonomy":[190],"autonomous":[192],"vehicle":[193],"communities.":[194],"We":[195,223,266,286],"show":[196,267,300],"through":[197,281],"statistical":[199],"analysis":[200],"more":[208],"correlated":[209],"beyond":[215],"just":[216],"length":[218],"also":[224,255],"set":[227],"conformal":[229,304],"algorithms":[232],"advantage":[235,290],"sequential":[238],"structure":[239],"order":[244],"achieve":[246],"better":[248,271],"trade-off":[249],"between":[250],"while":[254],"reducing":[256],"floating":[257],"point":[258],"operations":[259],"(FLOPS)":[260],"overhead":[261],"least":[264],"77.67%.":[265],"how":[268,273],"these":[269,292],"approaches":[270,293],"reflect":[272],"annotations":[274],"done":[278],"practice":[280],"sequence":[283],"selection":[284],"framework.":[285],"further":[287],"demonstrate":[288],"introducing":[295],"two":[296],"performance-cost":[297],"metrics":[298],"best":[303,312],"method":[307,316],"cheaper":[309],"than":[310],"traditional":[313],"113":[318],"hours.":[319],"The":[320,332],"code":[321],"associated":[322],"paper":[325],"can":[326,334],"be":[327,335],"found":[328],"link.":[331],"downloaded":[336],"location.":[339]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
