{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4318185166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata55660.2022.10020985","title":"FeedRef2022: A Named Entity Recognition Dataset for Extracting Indicators of Compromise","display_name":"FeedRef2022: A Named Entity Recognition Dataset for Extracting Indicators of Compromise","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4318185166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata55660.2022.10020985"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/bigdata55660.2022.10020985","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata55660.2022.10020985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607709","display_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000042399","display_name":"Hsin\u2010Ju Chan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4488-5053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3141939062","display_name":"Institute for Information Industry","ror":"https://ror.org/01d8kr740","country_code":"TW","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3141939062"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hsin-Ju Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cybersecurity Technology Institute Institute for Information Industry,Taipei,Taiwan","Cybersecurity Technology Institute Institute for Information Industry, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity Technology Institute Institute for Information Industry,Taipei,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3141939062"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity Technology Institute Institute for Information Industry, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3141939062"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102142936","display_name":"Chin-Yuan Hsu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3141939062","display_name":"Institute for Information Industry","ror":"https://ror.org/01d8kr740","country_code":"TW","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3141939062"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chin-Yuan Hsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cybersecurity Technology Institute Institute for Information Industry,Taipei,Taiwan","Cybersecurity Technology Institute Institute for Information Industry, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity Technology Institute Institute for Information Industry,Taipei,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3141939062"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity Technology Institute Institute for Information Industry, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3141939062"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004423211","display_name":"Ching-Chang Chien","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3141939062","display_name":"Institute for Information Industry","ror":"https://ror.org/01d8kr740","country_code":"TW","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3141939062"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ching-Chang Chien","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cybersecurity Technology Institute Institute for Information Industry,Taipei,Taiwan","Cybersecurity Technology Institute Institute for Information Industry, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity Technology Institute Institute for Information Industry,Taipei,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3141939062"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity Technology Institute Institute for Information Industry, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3141939062"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059192195","display_name":"Jijie Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1250-0689"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3141939062","display_name":"Institute for Information Industry","ror":"https://ror.org/01d8kr740","country_code":"TW","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3141939062"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ji-Jie Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cybersecurity Technology Institute Institute for Information Industry,Taipei,Taiwan","Cybersecurity Technology Institute Institute for Information Industry, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity Technology Institute Institute for Information Industry,Taipei,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3141939062"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity Technology Institute Institute for Information Industry, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3141939062"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049446798","display_name":"He-Lin Ku","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3141939062","display_name":"Institute for Information Industry","ror":"https://ror.org/01d8kr740","country_code":"TW","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3141939062"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"He-Lin Ku","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cybersecurity Technology Institute Institute for Information Industry,Taipei,Taiwan","Cybersecurity Technology Institute Institute for Information Industry, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity Technology Institute Institute for Information Industry,Taipei,Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3141939062"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity Technology Institute Institute for Information Industry, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3141939062"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000042399"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3141939062"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5811,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74592593,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2578","last_page":"2584"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10994","display_name":"Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Political Violence","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8161738514900208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compromise","display_name":"Compromise","score":0.8027368187904358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyramid","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","score":0.6121124625205994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.5828467607498169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.5429231524467468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5337667465209961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5221681594848633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.40773385763168335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4063189625740051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3602309823036194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.32080844044685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1762390434741974}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8161738514900208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46355384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726686","display_name":"Compromise","level":2,"score":0.8027368187904358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142575187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358290","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.6121124625205994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.5828467607498169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.5429231524467468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5337667465209961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5221681594848633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.40773385763168335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4063189625740051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3602309823036194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.32080844044685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1762390434741974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/bigdata55660.2022.10020985","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata55660.2022.10020985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607709","display_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2065890363","https://openalex.org/W2296283641","https://openalex.org/W2617416222","https://openalex.org/W2952087486","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2978269707","https://openalex.org/W2979826702","https://openalex.org/W3122890974","https://openalex.org/W3127483686","https://openalex.org/W3172754339","https://openalex.org/W3180238884","https://openalex.org/W3194583425","https://openalex.org/W4205199446","https://openalex.org/W4225162169","https://openalex.org/W4287824654","https://openalex.org/W4293210184","https://openalex.org/W4300819682","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6766673545","https://openalex.org/W6771917389","https://openalex.org/W6779068807"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2801622120","https://openalex.org/W2164141394","https://openalex.org/W3036524962","https://openalex.org/W4240977217","https://openalex.org/W1967649051","https://openalex.org/W2508088450","https://openalex.org/W2389434635","https://openalex.org/W4214750239","https://openalex.org/W2279908259","https://openalex.org/W2811264706"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,5,29,38,50,113,119,125,135],"increasing":[2],"use":[3],"of":[4,31,34,115],"internet,":[6],"cyber":[7,45],"threats":[8,24],"and":[9,67,72,111,134],"malicious":[10],"activities":[11],"are":[12,37],"becoming":[13],"ubiquitous.":[14],"To":[15],"avoid":[16],"unsuspecting":[17],"attacks,":[18],"gathering":[19],"enough":[20],"information":[21],"about":[22],"different":[23],"is":[25,57],"crucial.":[26],"According":[27],"to":[28,41,48,80],"Pyramid":[30],"Pain,":[32],"Indicators":[33],"Compromise":[35],"(IOCs)":[36],"simplest":[39],"artifacts":[40],"observe,":[42],"which":[43],"help":[44],"security":[46],"professionals":[47],"design":[49],"corresponding":[51],"precautions.":[52],"Cyber":[53],"Threat":[54],"Intelligence":[55],"(CTI)":[56],"data":[58],"that":[59,124],"presents":[60],"current":[61],"threat":[62,64,101],"events,":[63],"actors\u2019":[65],"targets,":[66],"attack":[68],"behaviors;":[69],"hence,":[70],"collecting":[71,99],"analyzing":[73],"CTI":[74],"in":[75],"advance":[76],"can":[77],"be":[78],"beneficial":[79],"defend":[81],"against":[82],"cyberattacks.":[83],"In":[84],"this":[85],"paper,":[86],"we":[87,105,122],"construct":[88],"a":[89],"named":[90],"entity":[91],"recognition":[92],"dataset":[93,137],"using":[94],"our":[95],"annotation":[96],"method":[97],"by":[98],"1,854":[100],"intelligence":[102],"reports.":[103],"Additionally,":[104],"fine-tuned":[106,126],"four":[107,120],"pre-trained":[108],"language":[109],"models":[110,141],"compared":[112],"efficiency":[114],"each":[116],"model.":[117],"Among":[118],"models,":[121],"realized":[123],"ELECTRA":[127],"model":[128],"could":[129,138],"extract":[130],"new":[131],"IOCs":[132],"correctly,":[133],"FeedRef2022":[136],"train":[139],"NER":[140],"for":[142],"detecting":[143],"IOCs.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
