{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4318148333","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata55660.2022.10020687","title":"Integrated Gradients is a Nonlinear Generalization of the Industry Standard Approach to Variable Attribution for Credit Risk Models","display_name":"Integrated Gradients is a Nonlinear Generalization of the Industry Standard Approach to Variable Attribution for Credit Risk Models","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4318148333","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata55660.2022.10020687"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/bigdata55660.2022.10020687","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata55660.2022.10020687","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607709","display_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jonathan Boardman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172980758","display_name":"Kennesaw State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jeqjx33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Boardman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kennesaw State University,Data Science and Analytics,Kennesaw,USA","Data Science and Analytics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kennesaw State University,Data Science and Analytics,Kennesaw,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science and Analytics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002525140","display_name":"Mohammad Shafiul Alam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2393-0791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172980758","display_name":"Kennesaw State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jeqjx33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Shafiul Alam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kennesaw State University,Data Science and Analytics,Kennesaw,USA","Data Science and Analytics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kennesaw State University,Data Science and Analytics,Kennesaw,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Science and Analytics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101541228","display_name":"Xiao Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1271-679X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172980758","display_name":"Kennesaw State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jeqjx33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kennesaw State University,Economics, Finances, &#x0026; Quantitative Analysis,Kennesaw,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kennesaw State University,Economics, Finances, &#x0026; Quantitative Analysis,Kennesaw,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101628906","display_name":"Ying Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6419-3986"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172980758","display_name":"Kennesaw State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jeqjx33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kennesaw State University,Information Technology,Kennesaw,USA","Information Technology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kennesaw State University,Information Technology,Kennesaw,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"5012","last_page":"5023"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11653","display_name":"Financial Distress and Bankruptcy Prediction","score":0.9819999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11496","display_name":"Credit Risk and Financial Regulations","score":0.9742000102996826,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6379956603050232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/credit-risk","display_name":"Credit risk","score":0.5988050699234009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5718796253204346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5710533261299133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.5667139291763306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.548759937286377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5473511219024658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4612061381340027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.4208306074142456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuarial-science","display_name":"Actuarial science","score":0.39756423234939575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.38538506627082825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.27264106273651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17006564140319824}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6379956603050232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178350159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162714","display_name":"Credit risk","level":2,"score":0.5988050699234009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5718796253204346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5710533261299133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.5667139291763306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.548759937286377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5473511219024658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4612061381340027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4208306074142456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.39756423234939575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.38538506627082825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.27264106273651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17006564140319824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/bigdata55660.2022.10020687","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata55660.2022.10020687","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607709","display_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu:dataphdgreylit-1030","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/dataphdgreylit/29","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196456","display_name":"DigitalCommons - Kennesaw State University (Kennesaw State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172980758","host_organization_name":"Kennesaw State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172980758"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Published and Grey Literature from PhD Candidates","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W251959276","https://openalex.org/W1673066967","https://openalex.org/W1787224781","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1880062428","https://openalex.org/W1899185266","https://openalex.org/W1982120517","https://openalex.org/W2034637247","https://openalex.org/W2043182896","https://openalex.org/W2123045220","https://openalex.org/W2131816657","https://openalex.org/W2150165932","https://openalex.org/W2155002669","https://openalex.org/W2168123127","https://openalex.org/W2195388612","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2498119267","https://openalex.org/W2590082389","https://openalex.org/W2594475271","https://openalex.org/W2594633041","https://openalex.org/W2605409611","https://openalex.org/W2627159663","https://openalex.org/W2773497437","https://openalex.org/W2774522520","https://openalex.org/W2891503716","https://openalex.org/W2945976633","https://openalex.org/W2956792022","https://openalex.org/W2962772482","https://openalex.org/W2962845528","https://openalex.org/W2962851944","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963095307","https://openalex.org/W2963808661","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W2994898777","https://openalex.org/W3036543056","https://openalex.org/W3133894893","https://openalex.org/W3135286407","https://openalex.org/W3138819813","https://openalex.org/W3155193175","https://openalex.org/W3176614973","https://openalex.org/W3187997433","https://openalex.org/W3190637821","https://openalex.org/W3197347140","https://openalex.org/W4231827019","https://openalex.org/W4238450267","https://openalex.org/W4244978797","https://openalex.org/W4247355430","https://openalex.org/W4285583756","https://openalex.org/W4287869422","https://openalex.org/W4298324854","https://openalex.org/W4318147997","https://openalex.org/W6639204139","https://openalex.org/W6639927594","https://openalex.org/W6677995690","https://openalex.org/W6681608319","https://openalex.org/W6685133223","https://openalex.org/W6733905848","https://openalex.org/W6734194636","https://openalex.org/W6736518430","https://openalex.org/W6746696776","https://openalex.org/W6746809271","https://openalex.org/W6746876212","https://openalex.org/W6766985858","https://openalex.org/W6773354836","https://openalex.org/W6773447507","https://openalex.org/W6779832816","https://openalex.org/W6800117924","https://openalex.org/W6828284845"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4224009465","https://openalex.org/W4286629047","https://openalex.org/W2885094885","https://openalex.org/W4306321456","https://openalex.org/W1629725936","https://openalex.org/W1663718338","https://openalex.org/W3148119887","https://openalex.org/W2886931416"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,33],"modern":[1],"society,":[2],"epistemic":[3],"uncertainty":[4],"limits":[5],"trust":[6],"in":[7,47,167,219],"financial":[8],"relationships,":[9],"necessitating":[10],"transparency":[11],"and":[12,18,50,96,121,186,210,214],"accountability":[13],"mechanisms":[14],"for":[15,188],"both":[16,41],"consumers":[17],"lenders.":[19],"One":[20],"upshot":[21],"is":[22,113,147,178,198,225],"that":[23,56,134],"credit":[24,66,184,221],"risk":[25,67],"assessments":[26],"must":[27],"be":[28],"explainable":[29,65],"to":[30,64,87,117,155,179,182,199],"the":[31,34,42,51,82,88,93,102,152,161,172,183,203,216,220,231],"consumer.":[32],"United":[35],"States":[36],"regulatory":[37],"milieu,":[38],"this":[39,168,176],"entails":[40],"identification":[43],"of":[44,53,84,124,151,175,228],"key":[45],"factors":[46],"a":[48,118,148,195,226],"decision":[49],"provision":[52],"consistent":[54],"actions":[55],"would":[57],"improve":[58],"standing.":[59],"The":[60,109],"traditionally":[61],"accepted":[62],"approach":[63,112,218],"modeling":[68],"involves":[69],"generating":[70,97],"scores":[71],"with":[72,202],"Generalized":[73],"Linear":[74],"Models":[75],"(GLMs)":[76],"-":[77],"usually":[78],"logistic":[79],"regression,":[80],"calculating":[81],"contribution":[83],"each":[85],"predictor":[86],"total":[89],"points":[90],"lost":[91],"from":[92],"theoretical":[94],"maximum,":[95],"reason":[98],"codes":[99],"based":[100],"on":[101,230],"4":[103],"or":[104],"5":[105],"most":[106],"impactful":[107],"predictors.":[108],"industry":[110,153,185,193,222],"standard":[111,154,217],"not":[114],"directly":[115],"applicable":[116],"more":[119],"expressive":[120],"flexible":[122],"class":[123],"nonlinear":[125,169],"models":[126],"known":[127,142],"as":[128,143,191],"neural":[129,156],"networks.":[130,157],"This":[131],"paper":[132,177],"demonstrates":[133],"an":[135,192],"eXplainable":[136],"AI":[137],"(XAI)":[138],"variable":[139],"attribution":[140],"technique":[141],"Integrated":[144],"Gradients":[145],"(IG)":[146],"natural":[149],"generalization":[150],"We":[158],"also":[159],"discuss":[160],"unique":[162],"semantics":[163],"surrounding":[164],"implementation":[165],"details":[166],"context.":[170],"While":[171],"primary":[173],"purpose":[174],"introduce":[180],"IG":[181],"argue":[187],"its":[189],"establishment":[190],"standard,":[194],"secondary":[196],"goal":[197],"familiarize":[200],"academia":[201],"legislative":[204],"constraints":[205],"\u2013":[206,213],"including":[207],"their":[208],"historical":[209],"philosophical":[211],"roots":[212],"sketch":[215],"since":[223],"there":[224],"dearth":[227],"literature":[229],"topic.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
