{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4320024346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata55660.2022.10020309","title":"Towards STUB 2.0: Using Graph-Based World States in Hyperledger Besu to Facilitate Distributed Transport Ticketing","display_name":"Towards STUB 2.0: Using Graph-Based World States in Hyperledger Besu to Facilitate Distributed Transport Ticketing","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4320024346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata55660.2022.10020309"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/bigdata55660.2022.10020309","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata55660.2022.10020309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607709","display_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/185472168/S21203_7498.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025868206","display_name":"J. D. Preece","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1854-3578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","display_name":"Birmingham City University","ror":"https://ror.org/00t67pt25","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133184724","display_name":"University College Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/042ver755","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133184724"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. D. Preece","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Birmingham,BCRRE,Birmingham,United Kingdom","BCRRE, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Birmingham,BCRRE,Birmingham,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472","https://openalex.org/I3133184724","https://openalex.org/I79619799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCRRE, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029711509","display_name":"Christopher J. Morris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7703-4474"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","display_name":"Birmingham City University","ror":"https://ror.org/00t67pt25","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133184724","display_name":"University College Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/042ver755","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133184724"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Morris","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Birmingham,BCRRE,Birmingham,United Kingdom","BCRRE, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Birmingham,BCRRE,Birmingham,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472","https://openalex.org/I3133184724","https://openalex.org/I79619799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCRRE, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035605136","display_name":"John M. Easton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8745-6753"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12870472","display_name":"Birmingham City University","ror":"https://ror.org/00t67pt25","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12870472"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133184724","display_name":"University College Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/042ver755","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133184724"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. M. Easton","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Birmingham,BCRRE,Birmingham,United Kingdom","BCRRE, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Birmingham,BCRRE,Birmingham,United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12870472","https://openalex.org/I3133184724","https://openalex.org/I79619799"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"BCRRE, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0708,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75836791,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3838","last_page":"3844"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.9692999720573425,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13731","display_name":"Advanced Computing and Algorithms","score":0.9587000012397766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stub","display_name":"Stub (electronics)","score":0.7272543907165527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modal","display_name":"Modal","score":0.5959259271621704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5916690826416016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/revenue","display_name":"Revenue","score":0.5493603944778442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodal-transport","display_name":"Multimodal transport","score":0.5425735712051392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/netlogo","display_name":"NetLogo","score":0.4961434304714203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.4522280991077423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.39849308133125305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3433256149291992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.2259010672569275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.21203452348709106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.189206063747406}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63676506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3976238","display_name":"Stub (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.7272543907165527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194","display_name":"Modal","level":2,"score":0.5959259271621704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5916690826416016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.5493603944778442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777974031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q493641","display_name":"Multimodal transport","level":2,"score":0.5425735712051392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167221231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q672307","display_name":"NetLogo","level":2,"score":0.4961434304714203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.4522280991077423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.39849308133125305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3433256149291992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.2259010672569275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.21203452348709106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.189206063747406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188027245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446","display_name":"Polymer chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/bigdata55660.2022.10020309","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata55660.2022.10020309","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607709","display_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/41f60d8c-f2bb-411c-a1f1-6837aaecbea6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/41f60d8c-f2bb-411c-a1f1-6837aaecbea6","pdf_url":"https://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/185472168/S21203_7498.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Preece, J, Morris, C & Easton, J 2023, Towards STUB 2.0 : Using Graph-Based World States in Hyperledger Besu to Facilitate Distributed Transport Ticketing. in 2022 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data). IEEE International Conference on Big Data, IEEE, pp. 3838-3844, 2022 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), Osaka, Japan, 17/12/22. https://doi.org/10.1109/BigData55660.2022.10020309","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/41f60d8c-f2bb-411c-a1f1-6837aaecbea6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/41f60d8c-f2bb-411c-a1f1-6837aaecbea6","pdf_url":"https://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/185472168/S21203_7498.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Preece, J, Morris, C & Easton, J 2023, Towards STUB 2.0 : Using Graph-Based World States in Hyperledger Besu to Facilitate Distributed Transport Ticketing. in 2022 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data). IEEE International Conference on Big Data, IEEE, pp. 3838-3844, 2022 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), Osaka, Japan, 17/12/22. https://doi.org/10.1109/BigData55660.2022.10020309","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4320024346.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4320024346.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1929320548","https://openalex.org/W2112178547","https://openalex.org/W2339861584","https://openalex.org/W2755266291","https://openalex.org/W3008704619","https://openalex.org/W6997008807","https://openalex.org/W7005884184"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2998813341","https://openalex.org/W1587227328","https://openalex.org/W2160425906","https://openalex.org/W1596201972","https://openalex.org/W1880774266","https://openalex.org/W1485627940","https://openalex.org/W2028061998","https://openalex.org/W2152433827","https://openalex.org/W3014263197","https://openalex.org/W4320024346"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"System":[1,138],"for":[2,91],"Ticketing":[3],"Ubiquity":[4],"with":[5,117],"Blockchains":[6],"(STUB)":[7],"is":[8],"a":[9,48,73,92,102],"novel":[10],"solution":[11],"to":[12,42,54,77,112],"multi-modal":[13,93],"transport":[14,40,59,62,94,115],"ticketing.":[15],"Introduced":[16],"previously":[17],"using":[18],"Hyperledger":[19],"Fabric,":[20],"STUB":[21,86],"utilises":[22],"the":[23,31,78,107,114,120,124,131,142],"distributed":[24],"mechanics":[25],"of":[26,33,119,133],"blockchain":[27,146],"technology":[28],"right":[29],"at":[30],"core":[32],"its":[34],"architecture,":[35],"allowing":[36],"stakeholders":[37],"from":[38,85],"different":[39],"modes":[41],"vend":[43],"and":[44,64,71],"validate":[45],"tickets":[46,90],"on":[47],"shared":[49],"ledger.":[50],"This":[51,81,129],"open":[52],"approach":[53,76],"ticketing":[55,79],"data":[56],"will":[57],"benefit":[58],"governing":[60],"bodies,":[61],"operators,":[63],"passengers":[65],"alike":[66],"by":[67,123,145],"ensuring":[68],"cross-party":[69],"cooperation":[70],"presenting":[72],"fresh":[74],"holistic":[75],"sector.":[80],"paper":[82],"addresses":[83],"issues":[84],"1.0,":[87],"concerning":[88],"validating":[89],"system.":[95],"To":[96],"overcome":[97],"this,":[98],"we":[99],"propose":[100],"creating":[101],"graph":[103],"structure,":[104],"known":[105],"as":[106],"Transport":[108,125],"Network":[109],"Graph":[110],"(TNG),":[111],"represent":[113],"network":[116],"all":[118],"services":[121],"provided":[122,144],"Service":[126],"Providers":[127],"(TSPs).":[128],"enables":[130],"implementation":[132],"an":[134],"automated":[135],"Revenue":[136],"Allocation":[137],"(RAS),":[139],"whilst":[140],"retaining":[141],"benefits":[143],"technology.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
