{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3207584092","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata52589.2021.9671805","title":"Go with the Flow? A Large-Scale Analysis of Health Care Delivery Networks in the United States Using Hodge Theory","display_name":"Go with the Flow? A Large-Scale Analysis of Health Care Delivery Networks in the United States Using Hodge Theory","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3207584092","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata52589.2021.9671805","mag":"3207584092"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/bigdata52589.2021.9671805","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata52589.2021.9671805","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607718","display_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2110.09637","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033708041","display_name":"Thomas Gebhart","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0173-3033"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800403580","display_name":"University of Minnesota System","ror":"https://ror.org/03grvy078","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800403580"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Gebhart","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","university of minnesota;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"university of minnesota;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800403580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103108147","display_name":"X. Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2090-504X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800403580","display_name":"University of Minnesota System","ror":"https://ror.org/03grvy078","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800403580"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojun Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","university of minnesota;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"university of minnesota;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800403580"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053801595","display_name":"Russell J. Funk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6670-4981"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800403580","display_name":"University of Minnesota System","ror":"https://ror.org/03grvy078","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800403580"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Russell J. Funk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","university of minnesota;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"university of minnesota;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800403580"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6447,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68429938,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"3812","last_page":"3823"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12918","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Technology","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12918","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Technology","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11722","display_name":"Patient Satisfaction in Healthcare","score":0.9732000231742859,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.9631999731063843,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-delivery","display_name":"Health care delivery","score":0.5295009613037109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.49644356966018677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.46323129534721375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.4553029239177704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curl","display_name":"Curl (programming language)","score":0.4372149407863617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-subspace","display_name":"Linear subspace","score":0.4242340326309204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.41443613171577454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subspace-topology","display_name":"Subspace topology","score":0.41217291355133057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3785674571990967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3739367723464966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.29123595356941223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.22026696801185608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21018517017364502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.20921635627746582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"Economic growth","score":0.13027983903884888}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018280585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care delivery","level":3,"score":0.5295009613037109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.49644356966018677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46323129534721375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.4553029239177704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147663694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1144631","display_name":"Curl (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4372149407863617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12362212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728435","display_name":"Linear subspace","level":2,"score":0.4242340326309204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.41443613171577454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32834561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660730","display_name":"Subspace topology","level":2,"score":0.41217291355133057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3785674571990967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3739367723464966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.29123595356941223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.22026696801185608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21018517017364502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20921635627746582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.13027983903884888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/bigdata52589.2021.9671805","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata52589.2021.9671805","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607718","display_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2110.09637","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2110.09637","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2110.09637","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3207584092","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/2110.09637.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2110.09637","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2110.09637","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2110.09637","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2110.09637","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2110.09637","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3207584092.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3207584092.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1608307043","https://openalex.org/W1841892384","https://openalex.org/W1967974133","https://openalex.org/W1990136122","https://openalex.org/W1994514369","https://openalex.org/W2007034084","https://openalex.org/W2010226872","https://openalex.org/W2025796118","https://openalex.org/W2033026182","https://openalex.org/W2037710531","https://openalex.org/W2048084118","https://openalex.org/W2052407463","https://openalex.org/W2064796447","https://openalex.org/W2065977860","https://openalex.org/W2074174724","https://openalex.org/W2083057442","https://openalex.org/W2109469951","https://openalex.org/W2112038757","https://openalex.org/W2130406232","https://openalex.org/W2145728698","https://openalex.org/W2152430833","https://openalex.org/W2318050262","https://openalex.org/W2419308537","https://openalex.org/W2610820081","https://openalex.org/W2768797527","https://openalex.org/W2772974653","https://openalex.org/W2776187006","https://openalex.org/W2790080250","https://openalex.org/W2790706219","https://openalex.org/W2792991562","https://openalex.org/W2883165869","https://openalex.org/W2883451169","https://openalex.org/W2885268065","https://openalex.org/W2900625465","https://openalex.org/W2903403301","https://openalex.org/W2911224547","https://openalex.org/W2962911132","https://openalex.org/W2963105564","https://openalex.org/W2980563923","https://openalex.org/W3033119964","https://openalex.org/W3047076447","https://openalex.org/W3089440935","https://openalex.org/W3092619993","https://openalex.org/W3099736351","https://openalex.org/W3123653578","https://openalex.org/W3169024891","https://openalex.org/W3195683952","https://openalex.org/W4226055399","https://openalex.org/W6600800738","https://openalex.org/W6603250981","https://openalex.org/W6685895916","https://openalex.org/W6698132161","https://openalex.org/W6717409045","https://openalex.org/W6979990803"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2983707243","https://openalex.org/W2587239199","https://openalex.org/W2319896861","https://openalex.org/W3005983965","https://openalex.org/W2961369453","https://openalex.org/W2515462654","https://openalex.org/W2959396036","https://openalex.org/W2216668361","https://openalex.org/W2898804296","https://openalex.org/W2769740464","https://openalex.org/W289329591","https://openalex.org/W2408107047","https://openalex.org/W3194442012","https://openalex.org/W1985340290","https://openalex.org/W2950244418","https://openalex.org/W1991358703","https://openalex.org/W2897716235","https://openalex.org/W3120401915","https://openalex.org/W2758055329","https://openalex.org/W2972639055"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Health":[0],"care":[1,22,32,38,67,77,93,161,166,182],"delivery":[2,39,68,94,162],"is":[3,23,52,178],"a":[4,89],"collaborative":[5],"process,":[6],"requiring":[7],"close":[8],"coordination":[9],"among":[10,121],"networks":[11,69,95,117,163],"of":[12,66,76,92,108,118,147,160,175,180],"providers":[13,29],"with":[14,186,192,198],"specialized":[15],"expertise.":[16],"Yet":[17],"in":[18,143,157],"the":[19,64,97,101,144,158,172],"United":[20,98],"States,":[21],"often":[24],"spread":[25],"across":[26,96,164],"multiple":[27],"disconnected":[28],"(e.g.,":[30],"primary":[31],"physicians,":[33],"specialists),":[34],"leading":[35],"to":[36,43,81,189],"fragmented":[37],"networks,":[40],"and":[41,46,79,134,184,196],"contributing":[42],"higher":[44],"costs":[45],"lower":[47],"quality.":[48],"While":[49],"this":[50,113],"problem":[51],"well":[53],"known,":[54],"there":[55,152],"are":[56],"relatively":[57],"few":[58],"quantitative":[59],"tools":[60],"available":[61],"for":[62],"characterizing":[63],"dynamics":[65],"at":[70],"scale,":[71],"thereby":[72],"inhibiting":[73],"deeper":[74],"understanding":[75],"fragmentation":[78],"efforts":[80],"address":[82],"it.":[83],"In":[84],"this,":[85],"study,":[86],"we":[87,115,169],"conduct":[88],"large-scale":[90],"analysis":[91],"States":[99],"using":[100],"discrete":[102],"Hodge":[103],"decomposition,":[104],"an":[105],"emerging":[106],"method":[107],"topological":[109],"data":[110],"analysis.":[111],"Using":[112],"technique,":[114],"decompose":[116],"patient":[119],"flows":[120],"physicians":[122],"into":[123],"three":[124],"orthogonal":[125],"subspaces:":[126],"gradient":[127],"(acyclic":[128],"flow),":[129,133],"harmonic":[130,200],"(global":[131],"cyclic":[132,137],"curl":[135,194],"(local":[136],"flow).":[138],"We":[139],"document":[140],"substantial":[141],"variation":[142],"relative":[145,173],"importance":[146,174],"each":[148,176],"subspace,":[149],"suggesting":[150],"that":[151,171],"may":[153],"be":[154,190],"systematic":[155],"differences":[156],"organization":[159],"health":[165],"markets.":[167],"Moreover,":[168],"find":[170],"subspace":[177],"predictive":[179],"local":[181],"cost":[183],"quality,":[185],"outcomes":[187],"tending":[188],"better":[191],"greater":[193,199],"flow":[195],"worse":[197],"flow.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-05T07:39:15.569665","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
