{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205778227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata52589.2021.9671561","title":"Automated Counterfactual Generation in Financial Model Risk Management","display_name":"Automated Counterfactual Generation in Financial Model Risk Management","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205778227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata52589.2021.9671561"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/bigdata52589.2021.9671561","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata52589.2021.9671561","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607718","display_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091149112","display_name":"Jingwei Gan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jingwei Gan","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI & EmTech Lab, PwC Advisory AC Shanghai, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI & EmTech Lab, PwC Advisory AC Shanghai, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066750288","display_name":"Shinan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1565-937X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146107","display_name":"PricewaterhouseCoopers (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03g75kz98","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210133790","https://openalex.org/I4210146107"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shinan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI & EmTech Lab, PwC Advisory, New York, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI & EmTech Lab, PwC Advisory, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146107"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100458254","display_name":"Chi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8605-3848"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Financial Service Modeling & Analytics, PwC Advisory, Washington, D.C., USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Financial Service Modeling & Analytics, PwC Advisory, Washington, D.C., USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023488255","display_name":"Andy C. Y. Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4542-3739"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andy Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI & EmTech Lab, PwC Advisory AC Shanghai, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI & EmTech Lab, PwC Advisory AC Shanghai, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091149112"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.377,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61011404,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"4064","last_page":"4068"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-thinking","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","score":0.9141642451286316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7354640960693359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6655896902084351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.5714730620384216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-modeling","display_name":"Financial modeling","score":0.5154145956039429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-management","display_name":"Risk management","score":0.4849391281604767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.41684091091156006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3847236633300781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.3585655987262726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.354735791683197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.348175972700119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.32428306341171265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.30803269147872925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.15302038192749023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14292240142822266}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108650721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783253","display_name":"Counterfactual thinking","level":2,"score":0.9141642451286316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7354640960693359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6655896902084351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.5714730620384216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23925645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5449731","display_name":"Financial modeling","level":2,"score":0.5154145956039429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32896092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189447","display_name":"Risk management","level":2,"score":0.4849391281604767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.41684091091156006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3847236633300781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3585655987262726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.354735791683197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.348175972700119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.32428306341171265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.30803269147872925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.15302038192749023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14292240142822266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/bigdata52589.2021.9671561","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata52589.2021.9671561","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607718","display_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984216891","https://openalex.org/W2060422862","https://openalex.org/W2152195021","https://openalex.org/W2317744239","https://openalex.org/W2483031229","https://openalex.org/W2560604521","https://openalex.org/W2783515600","https://openalex.org/W2804393646","https://openalex.org/W2901277930","https://openalex.org/W2918821272","https://openalex.org/W2945151003","https://openalex.org/W2953945697","https://openalex.org/W2962862931","https://openalex.org/W2963125461","https://openalex.org/W2963178695","https://openalex.org/W2973319951","https://openalex.org/W2975169180","https://openalex.org/W3006558576","https://openalex.org/W3006987564","https://openalex.org/W3019132020","https://openalex.org/W3034697737","https://openalex.org/W3043146651","https://openalex.org/W3094613840","https://openalex.org/W3099331386","https://openalex.org/W3103795814","https://openalex.org/W3125813591","https://openalex.org/W3166077154","https://openalex.org/W3178436058","https://openalex.org/W4288287918","https://openalex.org/W4394658025","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6774389074","https://openalex.org/W6784161558","https://openalex.org/W6789990585","https://openalex.org/W6796057476","https://openalex.org/W6864505357","https://openalex.org/W6966940381"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3201448254","https://openalex.org/W4286970243","https://openalex.org/W2066431708","https://openalex.org/W4384133558","https://openalex.org/W3025615835","https://openalex.org/W173210993","https://openalex.org/W2390660599","https://openalex.org/W3028847759","https://openalex.org/W2393688264","https://openalex.org/W3170174360"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"increasing":[1],"adoption":[2],"of":[3],"machine":[4,54],"learning":[5,55],"and":[6,11,18,71,91,94,100],"AI":[7],"models":[8,31,56],"in":[9,27,57],"finance":[10],"banking":[12],"poses":[13],"challenges":[14],"for":[15,53,96],"model":[16,19,69],"testing":[17,24,35,47],"risk":[20],"management":[21],"(MRM).":[22],"Conventional":[23],"has":[25],"limitations":[26],"evaluating":[28],"more":[29],"complex":[30],"while":[32],"the":[33],"latest":[34],"methodologies":[36],"have":[37],"not":[38],"yet":[39],"been":[40],"widely":[41],"productionized.":[42],"We":[43],"propose":[44],"a":[45,80],"model-agnostic":[46],"algorithm":[48,76],"based":[49],"on":[50],"counterfactual":[51,63],"generation":[52],"finance.":[58],"Our":[59],"method":[60],"provides":[61],"actionable":[62],"samples":[64],"that":[65,83],"can":[66],"guide":[67],"future":[68],"analysis":[70],"improvement.":[72],"To":[73],"make":[74],"our":[75],"modeler-friendly,":[77],"we":[78],"design":[79],"cloud-native":[81],"implementation":[82],"is":[84],"easy":[85],"to":[86],"integrate":[87],"with":[88],"any":[89],"new":[90],"existing":[92],"models,":[93],"ready":[95],"production-level":[97],"automation,":[98],"scalability,":[99],"parallel":[101],"processing.":[102]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}