{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2782864149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata.2017.8258038","title":"The ML test score: A rubric for ML production readiness and technical debt reduction","display_name":"The ML test score: A rubric for ML production readiness and technical debt reduction","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2782864149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata.2017.8258038","mag":"2782864149"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/bigdata.2017.8258038","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata.2017.8258038","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090556758","display_name":"Eric Breck","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eric Breck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069085463","display_name":"Shanqing Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4514-1715"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shanqing Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112696173","display_name":"Eric Nielsen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Nielsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035843248","display_name":"Michael Salib","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Salib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055928795","display_name":"D. Sculley","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Sculley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090556758"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.5617,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":238,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9832897,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1123","last_page":"1132"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rubric","display_name":"Rubric","score":0.808667778968811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/production","display_name":"Production (economics)","score":0.7270913124084473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6832820177078247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technical-debt","display_name":"Technical debt","score":0.5866139531135559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/a-priori-and-a-posteriori","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","score":0.5503284335136414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.549558699131012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.5343325138092041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.4700939357280731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.38152894377708435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.37513625621795654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16364791989326477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.11531245708465576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.09840932488441467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09398335218429565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08286938071250916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.08210760354995728}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111640148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847349","display_name":"Rubric","level":2,"score":0.808667778968811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.7270913124084473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6832820177078247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159198006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1532172","display_name":"Technical debt","level":4,"score":0.5866139531135559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.5503284335136414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.549558699131012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5343325138092041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4700939357280731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.38152894377708435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.37513625621795654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16364791989326477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.11531245708465576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.09840932488441467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09398335218429565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08286938071250916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.08210760354995728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/bigdata.2017.8258038","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bigdata.2017.8258038","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1585201850","https://openalex.org/W2017425457","https://openalex.org/W2074694452","https://openalex.org/W2109943925","https://openalex.org/W2110908283","https://openalex.org/W2131241448","https://openalex.org/W2168231600","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2306526421","https://openalex.org/W2483215953","https://openalex.org/W2530395818","https://openalex.org/W2573066349","https://openalex.org/W2616619952","https://openalex.org/W2732547613","https://openalex.org/W2743948853","https://openalex.org/W2950018712","https://openalex.org/W6634964483","https://openalex.org/W6678911119","https://openalex.org/W6681821898","https://openalex.org/W6684859321","https://openalex.org/W6698093529","https://openalex.org/W6721933647","https://openalex.org/W6728551298","https://openalex.org/W6732193423"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987813225","https://openalex.org/W4390610055","https://openalex.org/W4379053243","https://openalex.org/W3021020626","https://openalex.org/W2955201676","https://openalex.org/W2153005530","https://openalex.org/W3199392376","https://openalex.org/W4321385307","https://openalex.org/W2330342969","https://openalex.org/W2777782248"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Creating":[0],"reliable,":[1],"production-level":[2],"machine":[3],"learning":[4],"systems":[5,92],"brings":[6],"on":[7],"a":[8,69,86],"host":[9],"of":[10,34,43,61,89],"concerns":[11],"not":[12],"found":[13],"in":[14],"small":[15],"toy":[16],"examples":[17],"or":[18],"even":[19],"large":[20],"offline":[21],"research":[22],"experiments.":[23],"Testing":[24],"and":[25,38,79,98,109],"monitoring":[26,80],"are":[27],"key":[28],"considerations":[29],"for":[30,39],"ensuring":[31],"the":[32,57],"production-readiness":[33],"an":[35,100],"ML":[36,44,91,112],"system,":[37],"reducing":[40],"technical":[41,113],"debt":[42],"systems.":[45],"But":[46],"it":[47],"can":[48],"be":[49],"difficult":[50,66],"to":[51,67,93,102,105],"formulate":[52],"specific":[53,77],"tests,":[54],"given":[55,63],"that":[56],"actual":[58],"prediction":[59],"behavior":[60],"any":[62],"model":[64],"is":[65],"specify":[68],"priori.":[70],"In":[71],"this":[72],"paper,":[73],"we":[74],"present":[75,99],"28":[76],"tests":[78],"needs,":[81],"drawn":[82],"from":[83],"experience":[84],"with":[85],"wide":[87],"range":[88],"production":[90,107],"help":[94],"quantify":[95],"these":[96],"issues":[97],"easy":[101],"follow":[103],"road-map":[104],"improve":[106],"readiness":[108],"pay":[110],"down":[111],"debt.":[114]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}