{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390992288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm58861.2023.10385352","title":"ELF: An End-to-end Local and Global Multimodal Fusion Framework for Glaucoma Grading","display_name":"ELF: An End-to-end Local and Global Multimodal Fusion Framework for Glaucoma Grading","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390992288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm58861.2023.10385352"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/bibm58861.2023.10385352","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm58861.2023.10385352","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101786613","display_name":"Wenyun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8772-3292"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenyun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Macau,Department of Computer and Information Science,Macau,China","Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Macau,Department of Computer and Information Science,Macau,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005772506","display_name":"Chi\u2010Man Pun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1788-3746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi-Man Pun","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Macau,Department of Computer and Information Science,Macau,China","Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Macau,Department of Computer and Information Science,Macau,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"4081","last_page":"4085"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glaucoma","display_name":"Glaucoma","score":0.7933549880981445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-coherence-tomography","display_name":"Optical coherence tomography","score":0.7420799732208252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6647917628288269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundus","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","score":0.5371193885803223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.52582848072052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modalities","display_name":"Modalities","score":0.5125948786735535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modal","display_name":"Modal","score":0.4939454197883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grading","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","score":0.47303006052970886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutual-information","display_name":"Mutual information","score":0.4632585644721985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blindness","display_name":"Blindness","score":0.43662017583847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.35320422053337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3220793902873993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optometry","display_name":"Optometry","score":0.3118683397769928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.25649648904800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.25487610697746277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08717653155326843}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778527774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159701","display_name":"Glaucoma","level":2,"score":0.7933549880981445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899552","display_name":"Optical coherence tomography","level":2,"score":0.7420799732208252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6647917628288269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776391266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9612","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","level":2,"score":0.5371193885803223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.52582848072052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.5125948786735535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194","display_name":"Modal","level":2,"score":0.4939454197883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.47303006052970886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152139883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252973","display_name":"Mutual information","level":2,"score":0.4632585644721985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780929884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460","display_name":"Blindness","level":2,"score":0.43662017583847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.35320422053337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3220793902873993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.3118683397769928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.25649648904800415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.25487610697746277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08717653155326843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188027245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446","display_name":"Polymer chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/bibm58861.2023.10385352","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm58861.2023.10385352","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337495","display_name":"Technology Development","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996144177","https://openalex.org/W2055160582","https://openalex.org/W2061156600","https://openalex.org/W2093545979","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2411377185","https://openalex.org/W2903117925","https://openalex.org/W2963155035","https://openalex.org/W2979448322","https://openalex.org/W3036170900","https://openalex.org/W3042137086","https://openalex.org/W3113359589","https://openalex.org/W3147357738","https://openalex.org/W3176466780","https://openalex.org/W3183017707","https://openalex.org/W4221144624","https://openalex.org/W4294214983","https://openalex.org/W4386826466"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2466816617","https://openalex.org/W2323668004","https://openalex.org/W2348498086","https://openalex.org/W3093461874","https://openalex.org/W2063232638","https://openalex.org/W1970834875","https://openalex.org/W842936808","https://openalex.org/W3174028392","https://openalex.org/W2429379476","https://openalex.org/W4361800274"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Glaucoma":[0],"is":[1,67],"a":[2],"chronic":[3],"neurodegenerative":[4],"condition":[5],"that":[6,106],"can":[7,91,122,142],"lead":[8],"to":[9],"blindness.":[10],"Early":[11],"detection":[12],"and":[13,32,65,78,99,127],"curing":[14],"are":[15,36,44],"very":[16],"important":[17],"in":[18,40],"stopping":[19],"the":[20,49,57,94,108,115,136,144],"disease":[21],"from":[22],"getting":[23],"worse":[24],"for":[25,38,59,83,88],"glaucoma":[26,84,138],"patients.":[27],"The":[28,131],"2D":[29],"fundus":[30,50,63,98],"images":[31,51,64],"optical":[33],"coherence":[34],"tomography(OCT)":[35],"useful":[37],"ophthalmologists":[39],"diagnosing":[41],"glaucoma.":[42],"There":[43],"many":[45],"methods":[46,105],"based":[47],"on":[48,135],"or":[52],"3D":[53],"OCT":[54],"volumes;":[55],"however,":[56],"mining":[58],"multi-modality,":[60],"including":[61],"both":[62],"data,":[66],"less":[68],"studied.":[69],"In":[70,101],"this":[71],"work,":[72],"we":[73],"propose":[74],"an":[75],"end-to-end":[76],"local":[77],"global":[79],"multi-modal":[80,109,137],"fusion":[81],"framework":[82],"grading,":[85],"named":[86],"ELF":[87,90,121,147],"short.":[89],"fully":[92],"utilize":[93],"complementary":[95],"information":[96,117],"between":[97,118],"OCT.":[100],"addition,":[102],"unlike":[103],"previous":[104],"concatenate":[107],"features":[110],"together,":[111],"which":[112],"lack":[113],"exploring":[114],"mutual":[116,129],"different":[119],"modalities,":[120],"take":[123],"advantage":[124],"of":[125,146],"local-wise":[126],"global-wise":[128],"information.":[130],"extensive":[132],"experiment":[133],"conducted":[134],"grading":[139],"GAMMA":[140],"dataset":[141],"prove":[143],"effiectness":[145],"when":[148],"compared":[149],"with":[150],"other":[151],"state-of-the-art":[152],"methods.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
