{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4313527302","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm55620.2022.9995662","title":"Identification of Social and Racial Disparities in Risk of HIV Infection in Florida using Causal AI Methods","display_name":"Identification of Social and Racial Disparities in Risk of HIV Infection in Florida using Causal AI Methods","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4313527302","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm55620.2022.9995662","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36865610"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/bibm55620.2022.9995662","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm55620.2022.9995662","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607730","display_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9977319","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039419132","display_name":"Mattia Prosperi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9021-5595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800717037","display_name":"University of Florida Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04tk2gy88","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94062374","display_name":"Florida College","ror":"https://ror.org/010bgev76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94062374"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61515104","display_name":"University of Florida Health Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0419bgt07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61515104"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mattia Prosperi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida,College of Public Health and Health Professions,Department of Epidemiology,Gainesville,FL,USA","Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida,College of Public Health and Health Professions,Department of Epidemiology,Gainesville,FL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037","https://openalex.org/I94062374","https://openalex.org/I61515104"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085531312","display_name":"Jie Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5291-5198"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800717037","display_name":"University of Florida Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04tk2gy88","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94062374","display_name":"Florida College","ror":"https://ror.org/010bgev76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94062374"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida,College of Medicine,Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics,Gainesville,FL,USA","Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida,College of Medicine,Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics,Gainesville,FL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94062374","https://openalex.org/I2800717037"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059070322","display_name":"Jingchuan Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9799-2592"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94062374","display_name":"Florida College","ror":"https://ror.org/010bgev76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94062374"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingchuan Serena Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida,College of Pharmacy,Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy,Gainesville,FL,USA","Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida,College of Pharmacy,Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy,Gainesville,FL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94062374"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030951014","display_name":"Jiang Bian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2238-5429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800717037","display_name":"University of Florida Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04tk2gy88","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94062374","display_name":"Florida College","ror":"https://ror.org/010bgev76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94062374"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang Bian","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida,College of Medicine,Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics,Gainesville,FL,USA","Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida,College of Medicine,Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics,Gainesville,FL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94062374","https://openalex.org/I2800717037"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070215339","display_name":"Wei-Han William Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94062374","display_name":"Florida College","ror":"https://ror.org/010bgev76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94062374"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei-Han William Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida,College of Pharmacy,Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy,Gainesville,FL,USA","Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida,College of Pharmacy,Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy,Gainesville,FL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94062374"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084040430","display_name":"Shantrel Canidate","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6963-5408"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94062374","display_name":"Florida College","ror":"https://ror.org/010bgev76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94062374"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800717037","display_name":"University of Florida Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04tk2gy88","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61515104","display_name":"University of Florida Health Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0419bgt07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61515104"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shantrel Canidate","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida,College of Public Health and Health Professions,Department of Epidemiology,Gainesville,FL,USA","Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida,College of Public Health and Health Professions,Department of Epidemiology,Gainesville,FL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037","https://openalex.org/I94062374","https://openalex.org/I61515104"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004394877","display_name":"Simone Marini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5704-3533"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800717037","display_name":"University of Florida Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04tk2gy88","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94062374","display_name":"Florida College","ror":"https://ror.org/010bgev76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94062374"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I61515104","display_name":"University of Florida Health Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0419bgt07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I61515104"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simone Marini","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida,College of Public Health and Health Professions,Department of Epidemiology,Gainesville,FL,USA","Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida,College of Public Health and Health Professions,Department of Epidemiology,Gainesville,FL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037","https://openalex.org/I94062374","https://openalex.org/I61515104"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100660769","display_name":"Mo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7004-3549"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Florida,Warrington College of Business,Department of Management,Gainesville,FL,USA","Department of Management, Warrington College of Business, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Florida,Warrington College of Business,Department of Management,Gainesville,FL,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Management, Warrington College of Business, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039419132"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037","https://openalex.org/I33213144","https://openalex.org/I61515104","https://openalex.org/I94062374"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.135,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83289817,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"2022","issue":null,"first_page":"2934","last_page":"2939"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11860","display_name":"HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13546","display_name":"Census and Population Estimation","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.7068979144096375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-immunodeficiency-virus","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","score":0.5679590702056885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4086134135723114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3322124481201172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virology","display_name":"Virology","score":0.267441987991333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.16234475374221802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.0903477668762207}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7068979144096375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.5679590702056885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4086134135723114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3322124481201172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.267441987991333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.16234475374221802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0903477668762207}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/bibm55620.2022.9995662","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm55620.2022.9995662","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607730","display_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:36865610","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36865610","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings. IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9977319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9977319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings (IEEE Int Conf Bioinformatics Biomed)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9977319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9977319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings (IEEE Int Conf Bioinformatics Biomed)","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.550000011920929,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2015133866","https://openalex.org/W2081148652","https://openalex.org/W2150291618","https://openalex.org/W2291131907","https://openalex.org/W2410574058","https://openalex.org/W2787894218","https://openalex.org/W2910697814","https://openalex.org/W2963174245","https://openalex.org/W3171743261","https://openalex.org/W3202143225","https://openalex.org/W3206085970","https://openalex.org/W3211960039","https://openalex.org/W3213895951","https://openalex.org/W3214566121","https://openalex.org/W6637220762","https://openalex.org/W6804118967","https://openalex.org/W6804748305"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3031052312","https://openalex.org/W4389568370","https://openalex.org/W3032375762","https://openalex.org/W1995515455","https://openalex.org/W2080531066","https://openalex.org/W3108674512","https://openalex.org/W1506200166","https://openalex.org/W1489783725"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Florida":[0,68],"-the":[1,96],"3<sup>rd</sup>":[2],"most":[3],"populous":[4],"state":[5],"in":[6,147,202,226],"the":[7,9,67,136,186],"USA-has":[8],"highest":[10],"rates":[11],"of":[12,19,49,62,70,122,144,156,188,204],"Human":[13],"Immunodeficiency":[14],"Virus":[15],"(HIV)":[16],"infections":[17],"and":[18,26,41,55,74,86,89,105,114,117,158,174,206,238],"unfavorable":[20],"HIV":[21,63,84,189,227],"outcomes,":[22],"with":[23],"marked":[24],"social":[25,47,54],"racial":[27,56,224],"disparities.":[28],"In":[29],"this":[30],"work,":[31],"we":[32,183],"leveraged":[33],"large-scale,":[34],"real-world":[35],"data,":[36],"i.e.,":[37],"statewide":[38],"surveillance":[39],"records":[40],"publicly":[42],"available":[43],"data":[44,151],"resources":[45],"encoding":[46],"determinants":[48],"health":[50],"(SDoH),":[51],"to":[52,59,125,161,166,223],"identify":[53],"disparities":[57,110],"contributing":[58],"individuals'":[60,115],"risk":[61,187],"infection.":[64],"We":[65,134],"used":[66],"Department":[69],"Health's":[71],"Syndromic":[72],"Tracking":[73],"Reporting":[75],"System":[76],"(STARS)":[77],"database":[78],"(including":[79],"100,000+":[80],"individuals":[81,146],"screened":[82],"for":[83,191,197],"infection":[85,159,190],"their":[87],"partners),":[88],"a":[90,210],"novel":[91,120],"algorithmic":[92],"fairness":[93],"assessment":[94],"method":[95],"Fairness-Aware":[97],"Causal":[98],"paThs":[99],"decompoSition":[100],"(FACTS)-":[101],"merging":[102],"causal":[103,181],"inference":[104],"artificial":[106],"intelligence.":[107],"FACTS":[108,218],"deconstructs":[109],"based":[111],"on":[112,152],"SDoH":[113],"characteristics,":[116],"can":[118],"discover":[119],"mechanisms":[121],"inequity,":[123],"quantifying":[124],"what":[126],"extent":[127],"they":[128],"could":[129,213],"be":[130,215],"reduced":[131],"by":[132],"interventions.":[133],"paired":[135],"deidentified":[137],"demographic":[138],"information":[139],"(age,":[140],"gender,":[141],"drug":[142],"use)":[143],"44,350":[145],"STARS":[148],"-with":[149],"non-missing":[150],"interview":[153],"year,":[154],"county":[155],"residence,":[157],"status-":[160],"eight":[162],"SDoH,":[163],"including":[164,229],"access":[165],"healthcare":[167],"facilities,":[168],"%":[169],"uninsured,":[170],"median":[171],"household":[172],"income,":[173,233],"violent":[175,234],"crime":[176],"rate.":[177],"Using":[178],"an":[179],"expert-reviewed":[180],"graph,":[182],"found":[184],"that":[185],"African":[192,199],"Americans":[193,200],"was":[194],"higher":[195],"than":[196],"non-":[198],"(both":[201],"terms":[203],"direct":[205],"total":[207],"effect),":[208],"although":[209],"null":[211],"effect":[212],"not":[214],"ruled":[216],"out.":[217],"identified":[219],"several":[220],"paths":[221],"leading":[222],"disparity":[225],"risk,":[228],"multiple":[230],"SDoH:":[231],"education,":[232],"crime,":[235],"drinking,":[236],"smoking,":[237],"rurality.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
