{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205400053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm52615.2021.9669878","title":"Extracting Disease-Relevant Features with Adversarial Regularization","display_name":"Extracting Disease-Relevant Features with Adversarial Regularization","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205400053","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm52615.2021.9669878","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35198261"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/bibm52615.2021.9669878","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm52615.2021.9669878","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607735","display_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8863436","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091082342","display_name":"Junxiang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8897-754X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junxiang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100768100","display_name":"Li Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5809-1318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068979281","display_name":"Ke Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9882-5729"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031717623","display_name":"Kayhan Batmanghelich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9893-9136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kayhan Batmanghelich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.29422719,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"482","issue":null,"first_page":"3464","last_page":"3471"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12254","display_name":"Machine Learning in Bioinformatics","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6282929182052612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6070680022239685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5607286095619202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.5135955810546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5048654675483704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.5030600428581238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.4870045781135559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-phenotype","display_name":"Clinical phenotype","score":0.47004905343055725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.43413397669792175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.34637653827667236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1481560468673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phenotype","display_name":"Phenotype","score":0.1350173056125641}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6282929182052612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6070680022239685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5607286095619202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5135955810546875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5048654675483704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.5030600428581238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.4870045781135559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020646490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25203551","display_name":"Clinical phenotype","level":4,"score":0.47004905343055725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.43413397669792175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.34637653827667236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1481560468673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127716648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104053","display_name":"Phenotype","level":3,"score":0.1350173056125641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/bibm52615.2021.9669878","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm52615.2021.9669878","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607735","display_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:35198261","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35198261","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings. IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8863436","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8863436","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings (IEEE Int Conf Bioinformatics Biomed)","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8863436","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8863436","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings (IEEE Int Conf Bioinformatics Biomed)","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5921306940","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 HL141813","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","funder_display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/012pb6c26"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1599454686","https://openalex.org/W1691728462","https://openalex.org/W1902027874","https://openalex.org/W1959608418","https://openalex.org/W2013953623","https://openalex.org/W2052977441","https://openalex.org/W2082907106","https://openalex.org/W2110065044","https://openalex.org/W2127951128","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2150264242","https://openalex.org/W2163922914","https://openalex.org/W2260672489","https://openalex.org/W2278828392","https://openalex.org/W2303267755","https://openalex.org/W2321533354","https://openalex.org/W2326925005","https://openalex.org/W2337688125","https://openalex.org/W2344474925","https://openalex.org/W2583265473","https://openalex.org/W2608803612","https://openalex.org/W2620364083","https://openalex.org/W2621357189","https://openalex.org/W2753738274","https://openalex.org/W2775472197","https://openalex.org/W2785519580","https://openalex.org/W2798991696","https://openalex.org/W2803766319","https://openalex.org/W2842511635","https://openalex.org/W2895954347","https://openalex.org/W2950183483","https://openalex.org/W2953214253","https://openalex.org/W2964127395","https://openalex.org/W2968726102","https://openalex.org/W2981628132","https://openalex.org/W2998387309","https://openalex.org/W3005031238","https://openalex.org/W3042895962","https://openalex.org/W3105398416","https://openalex.org/W3111742669","https://openalex.org/W3120430728","https://openalex.org/W3121045849","https://openalex.org/W3176743663","https://openalex.org/W3184591016","https://openalex.org/W4247679414","https://openalex.org/W4287342310","https://openalex.org/W4292023222","https://openalex.org/W4293469690","https://openalex.org/W4295306962","https://openalex.org/W4297808394","https://openalex.org/W6637412569","https://openalex.org/W6640963894","https://openalex.org/W6692926712","https://openalex.org/W6698219124","https://openalex.org/W6700872662","https://openalex.org/W6701655646","https://openalex.org/W6704750656","https://openalex.org/W6729906282","https://openalex.org/W6744627333","https://openalex.org/W6746791151","https://openalex.org/W6748223763","https://openalex.org/W6748391871","https://openalex.org/W6751715993","https://openalex.org/W6754421578","https://openalex.org/W6769616852","https://openalex.org/W6773762762","https://openalex.org/W6788268599","https://openalex.org/W6798647205","https://openalex.org/W7075712485"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3176621072","https://openalex.org/W2995475466","https://openalex.org/W2356785732","https://openalex.org/W4210430843","https://openalex.org/W4239033281","https://openalex.org/W4380789568","https://openalex.org/W3105745662","https://openalex.org/W2062195135","https://openalex.org/W4379523021","https://openalex.org/W20047544"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Extracting":[0],"hidden":[1,22],"phenotypes":[2],"is":[3,24,76,88,188],"essential":[4],"in":[5,182,189],"medical":[6],"data":[7],"analysis":[8],"because":[9,58],"it":[10,187],"facilitates":[11],"disease":[12,18,125,208],"subtyping,":[13],"diagnosis,":[14],"and":[15,67],"understanding":[16],"of":[17,96,138,163,241],"etiology.":[19],"Since":[20],"the":[21,32,56,79,85,93,97,124,135,139,143,150,179,184,199,215,232,238,242],"phenotype":[23],"usually":[25,89],"a":[26,36,61,102,131,160,190],"low-dimensional":[27],"representation":[28,63,87,145,181],"that":[29,40,75,121,133,210],"comprehensively":[30],"describes":[31],"disease,":[33],"we":[34,100],"require":[35],"dimensionality":[37],"reduction":[38],"method":[39,158],"captures":[41],"as":[42,46,126,176,178,228],"much":[43],"disease-relevant":[44,66],"information":[45,74,113,235],"possible.":[47],"However,":[48],"most":[49],"unsupervised":[50],"or":[51],"self-supervised":[52],"methods":[53,71],"cannot":[54],"achieve":[55],"goal":[57],"they":[59],"learn":[60],"holistic":[62],"containing":[64],"both":[65],"disease-irrelevant":[68],"information.":[69],"Supervised":[70],"can":[72],"capture":[73],"predictive":[77,137,177,204],"to":[78,105,117,146,149,159,196,205,223,237],"target":[80],"clinical":[81,119],"variable":[82],"only,":[83],"but":[84],"learned":[86,200,219],"not":[90,212],"generalizable":[91],"for":[92],"various":[94],"aspects":[95],"disease.":[98,243],"Hence,":[99],"develop":[101],"dimensionality-reduction":[103],"approach":[104],"extract":[106],"Disease":[107,167],"Relevant":[108],"Features":[109],"(DRFs)":[110],"based":[111],"on":[112],"theory.":[114],"We":[115,129,155],"propose":[116],"use":[118],"variables":[120],"weakly":[122],"define":[123],"so-called":[127],"anchors.":[128],"derive":[130],"formulation":[132],"makes":[134],"DRF":[136],"anchors":[140,151],"while":[141],"forcing":[142],"remaining":[144],"be":[147],"irrelevant":[148],"via":[152],"adversarial":[153],"regularization.":[154],"apply":[156],"our":[157],"large-scale":[161],"study":[162],"Chronic":[164],"Obstructive":[165],"Pulmonary":[166],"(COPD).":[168],"Our":[169],"experiment":[170],"shows:":[171],"(1)":[172],"Learned":[173],"DRFs":[174,201,220,233],"are":[175,202,211,221],"original":[180],"predicting":[183],"anchors,":[185],"although":[186],"significantly":[191],"lower":[192],"dimension.":[193],"(2)":[194],"Compared":[195],"supervised":[197],"representation,":[198],"more":[203],"other":[206],"relevant":[207],"metrics":[209],"used":[213],"during":[214],"training.":[216],"(3)":[217],"The":[218],"related":[222,236],"non-imaging":[224],"biological":[225],"measurements":[226],"such":[227],"gene":[229],"expressions,":[230],"suggesting":[231],"include":[234],"underlying":[239],"biology":[240]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
