{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3127216829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm49941.2020.9313251","title":"Automatic Extraction of Skeletal Maturity from Whole Body Pediatric Scoliosis X-rays Using Regional Proposal and Compound Scaling Convolutional Neural Networks","display_name":"Automatic Extraction of Skeletal Maturity from Whole Body Pediatric Scoliosis X-rays Using Regional Proposal and Compound Scaling Convolutional Neural Networks","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3127216829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm49941.2020.9313251","mag":"3127216829"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/bibm49941.2020.9313251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm49941.2020.9313251","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062211606","display_name":"Audrey Ha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099336","display_name":"Menlo School","ror":"https://ror.org/01240pn49","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Audrey Ha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Menlo-Atherton High School, Atherton, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Menlo-Atherton High School, Atherton, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062175840","display_name":"John S. Vorhies","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2526-4489"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Vorhies","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108775981","display_name":"Andrew Campion","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Campion","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003201362","display_name":"Charles Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5612-8511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204866599","display_name":"VA Palo Alto Health Care System","ror":"https://ror.org/00nr17z89","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I204866599","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210125474"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["VA Palo Alto Healthcare System1, Palo Alto, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VA Palo Alto Healthcare System1, Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204866599"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009836925","display_name":"Michael Fadell","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Fadell II","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033929892","display_name":"Steve Dou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steve Dou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lynbrook High School, San Jose, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lynbrook High School, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012650285","display_name":"Safwan S. Halabi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1317-984X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Safwan Halabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033726514","display_name":"David B. Larson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1157-5905"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Larson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101424694","display_name":"Emily Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6760-9046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emily Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100698507","display_name":"Yongjin Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3723-4869"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"YongJin Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leland High School, San Jose, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leland High School, San Jose, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044415827","display_name":"Joanna Langner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5981-4733"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joanna Langner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077422848","display_name":"Japsimran Kaur","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Japsimran Kaur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111886796","display_name":"Bao Do","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204866599","display_name":"VA Palo Alto Health Care System","ror":"https://ror.org/00nr17z89","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322918889","https://openalex.org/I204866599","https://openalex.org/I2799886695","https://openalex.org/I4210125474"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bao Do","raw_affiliation_strings":["VA Palo Alto Healthcare System1, Palo Alto, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VA Palo Alto Healthcare System1, Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204866599"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":13,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062211606"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099336"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2023,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58595328,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"996","last_page":"1000"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11030","display_name":"Scoliosis diagnosis and treatment","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11030","display_name":"Scoliosis diagnosis and treatment","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11218","display_name":"Hip disorders and treatments","score":0.9769999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scoliosis","display_name":"Scoliosis","score":0.7803332805633545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pelvis","display_name":"Pelvis","score":0.638089656829834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5713467001914978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthopedic-surgery","display_name":"Orthopedic surgery","score":0.5699449777603149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/s\u00f8rensen\u2013dice-coefficient","display_name":"S\u00f8rensen\u2013Dice coefficient","score":0.43214577436447144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthodontics","display_name":"Orthodontics","score":0.4118686318397522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.39801862835884094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3925066888332367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.36878567934036255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3081512153148651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgery","display_name":"Surgery","score":0.2833150625228882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.1533852517604828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.11894184350967407}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780955175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174857","display_name":"Scoliosis","level":2,"score":0.7803332805633545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778357063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q713102","display_name":"Pelvis","level":2,"score":0.638089656829834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5713467001914978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68312169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216685","display_name":"Orthopedic surgery","level":2,"score":0.5699449777603149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163892561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2613728","display_name":"S\u00f8rensen\u2013Dice coefficient","level":4,"score":0.43214577436447144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29694066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118301","display_name":"Orthodontics","level":1,"score":0.4118686318397522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.39801862835884094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3925066888332367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.36878567934036255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3081512153148651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.2833150625228882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.1533852517604828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.11894184350967407}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/bibm49941.2020.9313251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm49941.2020.9313251","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1649755220","https://openalex.org/W1986991609","https://openalex.org/W2004763491","https://openalex.org/W2006141088","https://openalex.org/W2053427803","https://openalex.org/W2054433727","https://openalex.org/W2109567748","https://openalex.org/W2129871183","https://openalex.org/W2131287320","https://openalex.org/W2141403362","https://openalex.org/W2409555261","https://openalex.org/W2417059017","https://openalex.org/W2546410677","https://openalex.org/W2884671368","https://openalex.org/W2946948417","https://openalex.org/W2980901391","https://openalex.org/W3024767537"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387917489","https://openalex.org/W2230280246","https://openalex.org/W2106222201","https://openalex.org/W2940802002","https://openalex.org/W2897262540","https://openalex.org/W2319837831","https://openalex.org/W3175427170","https://openalex.org/W2282664943","https://openalex.org/W2052143774","https://openalex.org/W2068004121"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Skeletal":[0],"maturity":[1,93,110,206],"assessment":[2,207],"plays":[3],"an":[4,179,188],"important":[5],"role":[6],"in":[7,64,82,97,168,231],"the":[8,33,61,65,76,132,144,153,215],"management":[9],"of":[10,35,60,67,75,91,124,131,181,191,197,214,228],"pediatric":[11,53,232],"orthopedic":[12,229],"conditions":[13],"such":[14,72],"as":[15,73,127,129],"scoliosis,":[16],"slipped":[17],"capital":[18],"femoral":[19],"epiphysis":[20],"(SCFE),":[21],"and":[22,38,47,79,147,183,193],"pectus.":[23],"The":[24],"most":[25],"common":[26],"methods":[27],"to":[28,105,142,170,237],"estimate":[29],"bone":[30],"age":[31],"are":[32,126],"use":[34],"hand,":[36],"shoulder,":[37,77],"pelvis":[39],"x-rays;":[40],"however,":[41],"integrating":[42],"multi-site":[43],"data":[44,223],"adds":[45],"cost":[46],"ionizing":[48],"radiation":[49],"exposure.":[50],"Whole":[51],"body":[52,116],"scoliosis":[54,117],"x-rays,":[55],"performed":[56],"for":[57,203,225],"measuring":[58],"curvature":[59],"spine,":[62],"include":[63],"field":[66],"view":[68],"multiple":[69,108,161],"development":[70],"landmarks":[71],"ossifications":[74],"pelvis,":[78],"proximal":[80],"femurs":[81],"a":[83,88,103,113,137,204,211],"single":[84,114,212],"exam,":[85],"potentially":[86],"providing":[87],"comprehensive":[89],"survey":[90],"skeletal":[92,109,205],"that":[94,209],"can":[95],"assist":[96],"surgical":[98,226],"planning.":[99],"Therefore,":[100],"we":[101,134],"propose":[102],"system":[104,208],"automatically":[106],"extract":[107,143],"classifications":[111],"from":[112],"whole":[115],"x-ray":[118],"exam.":[119],"Since":[120],"these":[121],"anatomic":[122],"regions":[123,150],"significance":[125],"small":[128],"2%":[130],"image,":[133],"first":[135],"apply":[136,160],"multi-class":[138],"region":[139],"proposal":[140],"network":[141],"humeral":[145],"head":[146],"five":[148],"pelvic":[149],"based":[151],"on":[152],"modified":[154],"Oxford":[155],"Bone":[156],"Score.":[157],"We":[158],"then":[159],"compound":[162],"scaling":[163],"convolutional":[164],"neural":[165],"networks":[166],"(EfficientNet)":[167],"parallel":[169],"clinically":[171],"stage":[172],"each":[173],"region.":[174],"Our":[175,199],"regional":[176],"detection":[177],"achieved":[178,187],"F1-score":[180],"0.99,":[182],"our":[184],"staging":[185],"models":[186],"overall":[189],"accuracy":[190],"89%":[192],"intraclass":[194],"correlation":[195],"coefficient":[196],"0.84.":[198],"work":[200],"holds":[201],"promise":[202],"uses":[210],"image":[213],"entire":[216],"axial":[217],"skeleton.":[218],"This":[219],"may":[220],"enable":[221],"more":[222],"points":[224],"planning":[227],"diseases":[230],"patients":[233],"while":[234],"minimizing":[235],"exposure":[236],"harmful":[238],"radiation.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}