{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3119222090","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm49941.2020.9313247","title":"Using Machine Learning to Automate Mammogram Images Analysis","display_name":"Using Machine Learning to Automate Mammogram Images Analysis","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3119222090","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm49941.2020.9313247","mag":"3119222090"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/bibm49941.2020.9313247","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm49941.2020.9313247","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032327699","display_name":"Xuejiao Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114112103","display_name":"Leibniz University Hannover","ror":"https://ror.org/0304hq317","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xuejiao Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leibniz University Hannover, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leibniz University Hannover, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054613742","display_name":"Zhang Liu-hua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6692-5829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130438778","display_name":"Memorial University of Newfoundland","ror":"https://ror.org/04haebc03","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liuhua Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130438778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101785938","display_name":"Wenbin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3433-8184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenbin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, Baltimore County, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101679873","display_name":"Xin Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7327-377X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, Baltimore County, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012928144","display_name":"Vasileios Iosifidis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3005-4507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114112103","display_name":"Leibniz University Hannover","ror":"https://ror.org/0304hq317","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vasileios Iosifidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leibniz University Hannover, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leibniz University Hannover, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100412044","display_name":"Zhen Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3143-1976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190242452","display_name":"Guangdong Pharmaceutical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02vg7mz57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190242452"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190242452"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101782837","display_name":"Mingli Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5801-5692"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingli Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["McGill University, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"McGill University, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061496529","display_name":"Enza Messina","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4062-0824"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","display_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","ror":"https://ror.org/01ynf4891","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enza Messina","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100705326","display_name":"Ji Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7167-6970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjbnx57","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ji Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern Queensland, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern Queensland, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":6,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032327699"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114112103"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7954,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79224417,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10885","display_name":"Gene expression and cancer classification","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7861036062240601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7048192620277405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.6384056210517883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6212261319160461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mammography","display_name":"Mammography","score":0.5106456875801086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4766883850097656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.4737708866596222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naive-bayes-classifier","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","score":0.4702032208442688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/daubechies-wavelet","display_name":"Daubechies wavelet","score":0.4439029097557068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet-transform","display_name":"Wavelet transform","score":0.42900577187538147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.41718152165412903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelet","display_name":"Wavelet","score":0.3440667390823364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/breast-cancer","display_name":"Breast cancer","score":0.33439457416534424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-wavelet-transform","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","score":0.3160688281059265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.2559897303581238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer","display_name":"Cancer","score":0.12984386086463928}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7861036062240601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7048192620277405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.6384056210517883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6212261319160461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780472235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q324634","display_name":"Mammography","level":4,"score":0.5106456875801086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4766883850097656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.4737708866596222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812530","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","level":3,"score":0.4702032208442688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779855323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172774","display_name":"Daubechies wavelet","level":5,"score":0.4439029097557068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196216189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2867","display_name":"Wavelet transform","level":3,"score":0.42900577187538147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.41718152165412903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.3440667390823364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530470458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128581","display_name":"Breast cancer","level":3,"score":0.33439457416534424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46286280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414958","display_name":"Discrete wavelet transform","level":4,"score":0.3160688281059265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.2559897303581238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.12984386086463928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/bibm49941.2020.9313247","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm49941.2020.9313247","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:boa.unimib.it:10281/303944","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10281/303944","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401259","display_name":"BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","host_organization_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10283693","https://openalex.org/W1661871015","https://openalex.org/W1968379723","https://openalex.org/W1980245463","https://openalex.org/W2102831150","https://openalex.org/W2127824649","https://openalex.org/W2129570464","https://openalex.org/W2131095174","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2142047917"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2501033992","https://openalex.org/W2344136760","https://openalex.org/W2593382871","https://openalex.org/W2173526700","https://openalex.org/W2070903877","https://openalex.org/W1542398213","https://openalex.org/W2047653910","https://openalex.org/W3199035354","https://openalex.org/W2132657063","https://openalex.org/W1975215459"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Breast":[0],"cancer":[1,12,19],"is":[2,23,59,182],"the":[3,29,63,89,91,103,112,129,139,142,147,176,185,188,202,211],"second":[4],"leading":[5],"cause":[6],"of":[7,17,76,131,160,195],"cancer-related":[8],"death":[9],"after":[10],"lung":[11],"in":[13,20,45,191],"women.":[14],"Early":[15],"detection":[16],"breast":[18],"X-ray":[21],"mammography":[22,46],"believed":[24],"to":[25,61,110,127],"have":[26],"effectively":[27,209],"reduced":[28],"mortality":[30],"rate":[31,40],"since":[32],"1989.":[33],"However,":[34],"a":[35,42,53,152],"relatively":[36],"high":[37],"false":[38],"positive":[39],"and":[41,66,83,99,102,115,146,151,169,171,193],"low":[43],"specificity":[44],"technology":[47],"still":[48],"exist.":[49],"In":[50,87],"this":[51],"work,":[52],"computer-aided":[54],"automatic":[55,204],"mammogram":[56,64,113,205],"analysis":[57,206],"system":[58,207],"proposed":[60,203],"process":[62],"images":[65,114],"automatically":[67],"discriminate":[68],"them":[69],"as":[70],"either":[71],"normal":[72],"or":[73],"cancerous,":[74],"consisting":[75],"three":[77],"consecutive":[78],"image":[79,84],"processing,":[80],"feature":[81,122],"selection,":[82],"classification":[85,154,162,212],"stages.":[86],"designing":[88],"system,":[90],"discrete":[92],"wavelet":[93],"transforms":[94],"(Daubechies":[95],"2,":[96],"Daubechies":[97],"4,":[98],"Biorthogonal":[100],"6.8)":[101],"Fourier":[104],"cosine":[105],"transform":[106],"were":[107,156],"first":[108],"used":[109],"parse":[111],"extract":[116],"statistical":[117],"features.":[118,132],"Then,":[119],"an":[120],"entropy-based":[121],"selection":[123],"method":[124,181],"was":[125,164],"implemented":[126],"reduce":[128],"number":[130],"Finally,":[133],"different":[134],"pattern":[135],"recognition":[136],"methods":[137],"(including":[138],"Back-propagation":[140],"Network,":[141],"Linear":[143],"Discriminant":[144],"Analysis,":[145],"Naive":[148],"Bayes":[149],"Classifier)":[150],"voting":[153],"scheme":[155],"employed.":[157],"The":[158,197],"performance":[159,174],"each":[161],"strategy":[163],"evaluated":[165],"for":[166,172],"sensitivity,":[167],"specificity,":[168],"accuracy":[170],"general":[173],"using":[175],"Receiver":[177],"Operating":[178],"Curve.":[179],"Our":[180],"validated":[183],"on":[184],"dataset":[186],"from":[187],"Eastern":[189],"Health":[190],"Newfoundland":[192],"Labrador":[194],"Canada.":[196],"experimental":[198],"results":[199],"demonstrated":[200],"that":[201],"could":[208],"improve":[210],"performances.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}