{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3126239991","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm49941.2020.9313130","title":"Wearable spasticity estimation and validation using machine learning","display_name":"Wearable spasticity estimation and validation using machine learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3126239991","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm49941.2020.9313130","mag":"3126239991"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/bibm49941.2020.9313130","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm49941.2020.9313130","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072085382","display_name":"Shou\u2010Jen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3402-9736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shou-Jen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Texas"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Texas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100599882","display_name":"Jeong-Ho Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5892-7226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeong-Ho Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101911912","display_name":"Hyung\u2010Soon Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4274-7420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyung-Soon Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027664437","display_name":"Devak Nanda","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114776","display_name":"Texas Academy of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/02afb0t44","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114776"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Devak Nanda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Academy of Math and Science"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Academy of Math and Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114776"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015301071","display_name":"Mark V. Albert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3977-2895"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123534392","display_name":"University of North Texas","ror":"https://ror.org/00v97ad02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark V. Albert","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Texas"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Texas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123534392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2629,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62546216,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2109","last_page":"2112"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11274","display_name":"Botulinum Toxin and Related Neurological Disorders","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11274","display_name":"Botulinum Toxin and Related Neurological Disorders","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11097","display_name":"Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10510","display_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery","score":0.9699000120162964,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2742","display_name":"Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.7051203846931458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modified-ashworth-scale","display_name":"Modified Ashworth scale","score":0.6526951193809509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spasticity","display_name":"Spasticity","score":0.6510563492774963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.600803792476654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5457264184951782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter","display_name":"Hyperparameter","score":0.5259806513786316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4966335892677307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.46102815866470337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elbow","display_name":"Elbow","score":0.44238030910491943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.43805286288261414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.39734381437301636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.3553640842437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.14108678698539734}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.7051203846931458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780566999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098821","display_name":"Modified Ashworth scale","level":3,"score":0.6526951193809509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779012798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117060","display_name":"Spasticity","level":2,"score":0.6510563492774963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.600803792476654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5457264184951782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.5259806513786316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4966335892677307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.46102815866470337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781184374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586","display_name":"Elbow","level":2,"score":0.44238030910491943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.43805286288261414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39734381437301636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.3553640842437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.14108678698539734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/bibm49941.2020.9313130","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bibm49941.2020.9313130","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"No poverty","score":0.5899999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2021104277","https://openalex.org/W2040420553","https://openalex.org/W2083634992","https://openalex.org/W2125065765","https://openalex.org/W2125267443","https://openalex.org/W2146491216","https://openalex.org/W2188646869","https://openalex.org/W2282524067","https://openalex.org/W2586050119","https://openalex.org/W2937671070","https://openalex.org/W2963622679"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3195603049","https://openalex.org/W1965760488","https://openalex.org/W1965736365","https://openalex.org/W4205502267","https://openalex.org/W2737127084","https://openalex.org/W1992963123","https://openalex.org/W2098927834","https://openalex.org/W2909869969","https://openalex.org/W2100577834","https://openalex.org/W3012706727"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,127],"Modified":[1],"Ashworth":[2],"Scale":[3],"(MAS)":[4],"is":[5,18],"one":[6],"of":[7,28,61,90,109,142,152,165,181,187],"the":[8,25,29,34,46,62,76,84,110,136,153,157,179],"most":[9],"commonly":[10],"used":[11,68],"classification":[12],"metrics":[13],"for":[14,112],"spasticity.":[15],"While":[16],"MAS":[17],"easy":[19],"to":[20,33,134,176],"implement,":[21],"it":[22],"relies":[23],"on":[24,69],"subjective":[26],"judgement":[27],"clinician":[30],"which":[31,48],"leads":[32],"poor":[35],"inter-rater":[36],"reliability":[37],"between":[38],"clinicians.":[39],"We":[40],"developed":[41,96],"a":[42,87,145,161],"device":[43,66],"worn":[44],"over":[45],"arm":[47],"measures":[49],"angular":[50,52],"velocity,":[51],"acceleration,":[53],"resistance,":[54],"mechanical":[55],"power,":[56],"and":[57,103,114,119,183],"elbow":[58,63],"extension":[59],"angle":[60],"joint.":[64],"This":[65],"was":[67,121,132],"32":[70],"subjects":[71],"who":[72,82],"have":[73,135],"spasticity":[74,182],"in":[75,156,178],"upper":[77],"forearm":[78],"by":[79],"29":[80],"clinicians":[81],"evaluated":[83],"subjects,":[85],"yielding":[86],"data":[88],"set":[89],"634":[91],"evaluations.":[92],"Predictive":[93],"models":[94,111,147],"were":[95],"including":[97],"linear,":[98],"decision":[99],"tree,":[100],"random":[101],"forest,":[102],"support":[104,128],"vector":[105,129],"machines":[106],"using":[107,123],"variants":[108],"regression":[113],"classification.":[115],"Model":[116],"hyperparameter":[117],"tuning":[118],"testing":[120],"performed":[122],"clinician-wise":[124],"nested":[125],"cross-validation.":[126],"classifier":[130],"model":[131],"found":[133],"best":[137],"root":[138],"mean":[139],"square":[140],"error":[141],"0.4449.":[143],"Using":[144],"trained":[146],"can":[148,171],"help":[149],"eliminate":[150],"much":[151],"known":[154],"variability":[155],"MAS.":[158],"By":[159],"creating":[160],"more":[162,173],"accurate":[163],"way":[164],"assessing":[166],"spasticity,":[167],"better":[168],"treatment":[169,180],"plans":[170],"be":[172],"readily":[174],"compared":[175],"aid":[177],"improve":[184],"their":[185],"quality":[186],"life.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}