{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3187096028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bhi50953.2021.9508589","title":"Respiratory Markers Significantly Enhance Anxiety Detection Using Multimodal Physiological Sensing","display_name":"Respiratory Markers Significantly Enhance Anxiety Detection Using Multimodal Physiological Sensing","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3187096028","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bhi50953.2021.9508589","mag":"3187096028"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/bhi50953.2021.9508589","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bhi50953.2021.9508589","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE EMBS International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012617737","display_name":"Asim H. Gazi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4698-2823"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Asim H. Gazi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology,Atlanta,GA,USA,30322"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology,Atlanta,GA,USA,30322","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041101338","display_name":"Patrick Lis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802612298","display_name":"The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/02j15s898","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I150468666","https://openalex.org/I2802612298"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Lis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering,Atlanta,GA,USA,30322"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering,Atlanta,GA,USA,30322","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802612298","https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065522676","display_name":"Arshawn Mohseni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802612298","display_name":"The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/02j15s898","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I150468666","https://openalex.org/I2802612298"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arshawn Mohseni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering,Atlanta,GA,USA,30322"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering,Atlanta,GA,USA,30322","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802612298","https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074500949","display_name":"Christopher Ompi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802612298","display_name":"The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/02j15s898","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I150468666","https://openalex.org/I2802612298"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Ompi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering,Atlanta,GA,USA,30322"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering,Atlanta,GA,USA,30322","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802612298","https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057134532","display_name":"Felipe Giuste","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8355-3705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802612298","display_name":"The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/02j15s898","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I150468666","https://openalex.org/I2802612298"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felipe O. Giuste","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering,Atlanta,GA,USA,30322"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering,Atlanta,GA,USA,30322","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802612298","https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034193264","display_name":"Wenqi Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8972-7342"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenqi Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology,Atlanta,GA,USA,30322"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology,Atlanta,GA,USA,30322","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076927036","display_name":"Omer T. Inan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7952-1794"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omer T. Inan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology,Atlanta,GA,USA,30322","Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology,Atlanta,GA,USA,30322","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030096887","display_name":"May D. Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3961-3608"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802612298","display_name":"The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/02j15s898","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I150468666","https://openalex.org/I2802612298"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"May D. Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering,Atlanta,GA,USA,30322"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering,Atlanta,GA,USA,30322","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802612298","https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012617737"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8755,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86936973,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-theory","display_name":"Generalizability theory","score":0.65708988904953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6508158445358276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6201728582382202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anxiety","display_name":"Anxiety","score":0.524502158164978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5029658675193787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4960087239742279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4810098111629486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/respiratory-system","display_name":"Respiratory system","score":0.46360763907432556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.41722556948661804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.18375319242477417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1663847267627716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1434684693813324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.10046303272247314}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.65708988904953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6508158445358276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6201728582382202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.524502158164978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5029658675193787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4960087239742279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4810098111629486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534529494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7891","display_name":"Respiratory system","level":2,"score":0.46360763907432556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.41722556948661804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.18375319242477417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1663847267627716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1434684693813324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.10046303272247314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/bhi50953.2021.9508589","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/bhi50953.2021.9508589","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE EMBS International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W146095402","https://openalex.org/W1239497932","https://openalex.org/W1971072238","https://openalex.org/W1984167894","https://openalex.org/W2016568692","https://openalex.org/W2162800060","https://openalex.org/W2590938221","https://openalex.org/W2764271683","https://openalex.org/W2790555037","https://openalex.org/W2890527005","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2958197594","https://openalex.org/W2974802536","https://openalex.org/W3037294239","https://openalex.org/W3110767064","https://openalex.org/W4226379050","https://openalex.org/W4294326487","https://openalex.org/W6628116150","https://openalex.org/W6810429915"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2811390910","https://openalex.org/W2146076056","https://openalex.org/W2144059113","https://openalex.org/W2563096758","https://openalex.org/W3003836766","https://openalex.org/W1964120219","https://openalex.org/W2000165426","https://openalex.org/W2385132419","https://openalex.org/W2772780115","https://openalex.org/W2114557664"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Specific":[0],"phobia":[1],"affects":[2],"7.7%":[3],"of":[4,68,78,142],"the":[5,54,76,79,87,105,132,158],"population":[6],"at":[7],"some":[8],"point":[9],"in":[10,161],"their":[11],"lives.":[12],"Virtual":[13],"reality":[14],"exposure":[15],"therapy":[16],"has":[17,33],"demonstrated":[18,34],"potential":[19],"as":[20],"a":[21,29],"viable":[22],"treatment;":[23],"tracking":[24],"patients\u2019":[25],"progress,":[26],"however,":[27],"remains":[28],"challenge.":[30],"Recent":[31],"work":[32],"that":[35,83,118],"by":[36,81,100,157,164],"employing":[37],"machine":[38],"learning,":[39],"multimodal":[40],"physiological":[41],"sensing":[42],"can":[43,61,92],"be":[44,62],"leveraged":[45],"to":[46,64,104,122,153],"address":[47],"this":[48,95],"need.":[49],"Specifically,":[50],"features":[51,84,135,150,170],"extracted":[52,85],"from":[53,71,86],"electrocardiogram":[55],"(ECG)":[56],"and":[57,107,113,168],"electrodermal":[58],"activity":[59],"(EDA)":[60],"used":[63],"accurately":[65],"discriminate":[66],"periods":[67],"phobic":[69],"anxiety":[70],"rest.":[72],"Herein,":[73],"we":[74],"extend":[75],"state":[77],"art":[80],"demonstrating":[82],"respiratory":[88,102,128,145],"effort":[89],"(RSP)":[90],"signal":[91],"further":[93],"enhance":[94],"capability.":[96],"This":[97],"is":[98],"investigated":[99],"adding":[101],"markers":[103,129],"classifier":[106,123],"evaluating":[108],"feature":[109],"importance":[110],"via":[111],"permutation":[112,138],"removal.":[114],"We":[115],"thereby":[116],"find":[117],"respiration":[119,149],"significantly":[120,152],"contributes":[121],"performance.":[124],"In":[125],"particular,":[126],"five":[127],"rank":[130],"within":[131],"top":[133],"10":[134],"based":[136],"on":[137],"importance;":[139],"notably,":[140],"four":[141],"which":[143],"are":[144],"variability":[146],"metrics.":[147],"Additionally,":[148],"contribute":[151],"model":[154],"generalizability,":[155],"corroborated":[156],"7%":[159],"decrease":[160],"accuracy":[162],"caused":[163],"solely":[165],"using":[166],"ECG":[167],"EDA":[169],"(i.e.,":[171],"removing":[172],"respiration).":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}